Free Essays on Violence In Media

I imagine that the media have little to do with the expansion in savagery. Such a large number of individuals attempt to put the fault of their activities on some other person or thing. I imagine that there are a few stages that ought to be taken to take out viciousness. Variables that are at fault for brutality are guardians jobs in their kids' lives and moral obligation. Outcomes ought to be all the more viably did. Options to savagery ought to be empowered and drilled on a more noteworthy scale. I believe that the way toward demoralizing brutality should start at home. Guardians should raise their youngsters with the qualities and ethics to act dependably and assume the fault for their own activities. Guardians should act in a way than mirrors this hypothesis. The vast majority can control their activities and abstain from savage acts. On the off chance that guardians support better conduct, at that point kids will complete this conduct all through their grown-up lives. At the point when individuals see viciousness in the media, they are frequently indicated that there are no outcomes of brutality. Individuals know the contrast among the real world and dream. As a general rule, there are results, in any case, they are not generally as exacting as they could be. Individuals ought to know about these results, what's more, they should assume liability for their own activities. My next point is that in the event that results were inforced progressively, at that point this would debilitate individuals from depending on brutality. At the point when individuals see that others are being rebuffed for their negative activities they will see that wrongdoing doesn't pay. This will keep more individuals from carrying out these violations and fierce acts. Individuals are engaged by viciousness. Media show what crowds are keen on. I feel that there is no mischief in this. This is the point at which the idea of the real world and dream become included. Individuals realize that at the point when they are watching these projects they are phony or dream. Individuals watch these projects to get away from this present reality and retreat to a wo... Free Essays on Violence In Media Free Essays on Violence In Media I believe that the media have little to do with the expansion in savagery. An excessive number of individuals attempt to put the fault of their activities on some other person or thing. I imagine that there are a few stages that ought to be taken to dispose of savagery. Components that are to be faulted for viciousness are guardians jobs in their kids' lives and moral duty. Results ought to be all the more viably completed. Options to brutality ought to be supported and drilled on a more noteworthy scale. I believe that the way toward demoralizing brutality should start at home. Guardians should raise their youngsters with the qualities and ethics to act dependably and assume the fault for their own activities. Guardians should act in a way than mirrors this hypothesis. The vast majority can control their activities and cease from brutal acts. On the off chance that guardians support better conduct, at that point youngsters will complete this conduct all through their grown-up lives. At the point when individuals see brutality in the media, they are regularly demonstrated that there are no outcomes of savagery. Individuals know the contrast among the real world and dream. Truly, there are outcomes, be that as it may, they are not generally as severe as they could be. Individuals ought to know about these results, what's more, they should assume liability for their own activities. My next point is that on the off chance that results were inforced progressively, at that point this would debilitate individuals from depending on viciousness. At the point when individuals see that others are being rebuffed for their negative activities they will see that wrongdoing doesn't pay. This will keep more individuals from carrying out these violations and savage acts. Individuals are engaged by brutality. Media show what crowds are keen on. I imagine that there is no damage in this. This is the point at which the idea of the real world and dream become included. Individuals realize that at the point when they are watching these projects they are phony or dream. Individuals watch these projects to get away from this present reality and retreat to a wo...

The Treatise On Laws -- Main Ideas Essays - Religious Law

The Treatise On Laws - Main Ideas The Treatise on Laws is an assortment of medieval writings relating to laws and their qualifications. Evidently incorporated in the twelfth century by Gratian, an individual whose birthplaces are as yet challenged, it comprises of 20 areas marked differentiations. Every differentiation is additionally isolated into parts and cases, every which serve to pass on one specific thought. Albeit different varying thoughts are introduced in the treatise, there is a focal subject clear which is, to acquire legitimately from Gratian, the amicability of dissonant ordinances, or how totally various arrangements of laws can work together. The treatise starts by saying that humankind is governed by two things, in particular, characteristic law and utilizations. Common law is characterized by Gratian as the law set forth in the gospel, or law where every individual is directed to do to others what he needs done to himself. Since the gospel is taken by numerous individuals to be the expression of god, regular law is otherwise called divine law. This is viewed as law that is naturally good and dependable on the grounds that they come straightforwardly from god. Utilization is characterized as laws that come to fruition as laws that occur as a characteristic result of human culture. These laws can be known as human law, as they are made only by people. Divine law remains the equivalent for all people groups as indicated by Gratian, yet human law fluctuates in light of the fact that various things please various individuals. Moreover, divine law outweighs human law. At the point when strife happens, as Gratian says Imperial laws are not over the statute of god.(33) But he keeps, saying that common laws are not to be dismissed, ?at whatever point these are against outreaching and standard announcement, they are deserving of all veneration. Gratian points out that divine laws characterize ethical quality and human laws are not really good, simply reasonable. He gives the model in Distinction 1 that it is good to stroll through somebody's property, yet nit fundamentally lawful. As indicated by Christian confidence , an ethical Christian life gets one into paradise. So observing as human laws are not really good, and ethical quality is once in a while not legitimate, a contention happens. The ethical Christian could choose to live in understanding to divine law, not thinking about human law, and endure in the material world so as to pick up the more noteworthy prize (unceasing heaven). As Gratian says, celestial and human law are discrete, yet can cooperate or struggle. The Treatise on Laws serves to completely clarify the laws and their implications. Religion Essays

Tata Motors

Tata Motors Tata Motors Home›Marketing Posts›Tata Motors Marketing PostsTata motors are expanding rapidly all over the world market, and it is India’s largest growing industry that has been listed in New York stocks exchange. It produces commercial and passenger vehicles that are being distributed in many countries of the world. Tata Indica has been sold mostly in many countries. The growth in its market is a great understanding and a critical stimuli in economic growth. There is continued competition by other automobile companies hence triggered Tata motors to develop new models like winger cargo. Tata motors have diversity brands, culture integrity and a great employee leadership, which have effectively enhanced the development of worldwide market offices.The sales department is expanding the sales of private vehicle in Ghana’s Accra office. The vehicle was launched in 2006 and Tata indigos are widely gaining market in Ghana. The motor company has capitalised and expended market of th e vehicle brand because it has gained popularity and used by local taxis in the city of Accra. This is because of the low-fuel consumption. 130 Tata indigos are widely being used in Ghana, and this has prompted the expansion of marketing strategy for the company. As the years progresses, there have gradual increase in the number of Tata indigos in Accra.Ghana has always been a traditional and relevant market for Tata motors due to the sale and use of multi-utility vehicles in the country. The motor vehicle has been in the country as it launched its sales at PHC motors limited since 1974. They have set up after market part sales at Tema, Kumasi, Takoradi and Tamale as the customers in Ghana are spread in the cities. Through the desire for high performance and satisfaction by Ghanaians, the company will be setting up ten more service and sales centres. Ghanaian market has a multi-utility car market system.In Romania, the Tata automobile company is in collaboration with other companies like the fiat. However, it has managed to gain market through its motors limited. The model of Nano is widely being distributed in Romania and it is considered the cheapest vehicle in the world. The expansion of market of Nano model in Romania has been attributed to the study on the market, which showed that Nano cars could be adapted and fit to the needs of Romanians.  Interests of giant automobiles like Nissan and ford have faced the Romanian market plant. This creates the war of bidding for the automobile market in the country. The Bidding of Tata’s Daewoo vehicles has enhanced its market share and the Romanian government bought the stake of Daewoo. The united state giant general motors’ are the chief automobile threat of Tata in Romanian market.The Romanian automobile market has changed automobile needs and this lead to the development of Nano model meant for this country’s market profile. There has been the monopoly of the Daica- Renault that sells Daica cars in this ma rket, which are the cheapest option for new cars in the country. Tata has expanded the Nano model in order to meet this market type because it is also the cheap model of cars.In South African market, Tata has been gaining expansive market trucks specifically with ace mini trucks model and is even planning to setting up truck assembly industry just like the one in Thailand. The company is dealing with medium and small sized trucks currently. This has been enhanced by continuous growth in the use of Tata trucks, in South Africa. Commercial vehicles in South Africa are the largest export market for Tata motors. The motor group is just one of the few companies that offer truck assembly in the country. South Africa has few motor companies that offer these services. The South African car market has been integral to Tata motor’s global market where. There is a perception of immense economies and market footprint to expand in years to come.It has taken advantage of its market share and co ntinuous increase in the demand for trucks. There is a continued rise in demand for ace mini trucks, and there was growth of more than forty percent in the year 2009. There is continuous growth in export and use of these trucks, in South Africa because there has been continuous growth demand and use of these trucks. Tata is expanding its market share to brace for imminent competition from general motors that are launching the production of trucks.There continuous expansion of the automobile market share in Thailand. This has prompted Tata motors to launch market expansion of its mini-truck ace super city giant. This is because in Thailand small, cars form the largest market share of the automobile industry. The ace supercity giant model expects a market share of about one hundred and fifty units per monthly sales. This is because the motor vehicle industry in Thailand is majorly small vehicles. In the growth of the auto market, in Thailand it is expected to grow continuously where p ickups and small cars have more than half of this expected market growth. This has triggered the expansion of Tata motors in this model to compete for this market and have a share for its model.The market in Thailand is intensely competitive, and this has made Tata choose this model. Thai automobile market is extremely competitive, and automobile market share is dominated by small-cars segment. It is a competitive market where the company is first establishing itself in this market. It then develop other models that fit such competitive market of Thailand.

Defaulted Sukuk And Bonds In Malaysian Capital Market Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3201 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? What are the basic characteristics or features of defaulted sukuk and bonds in Malaysian Capital Market and is there any difference between the characteristics? Question No. 2: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Defaulted Sukuk And Bonds In Malaysian Capital Market Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Is the financial performance of Sukuk different from the fixed income securities? Question No. 3: Why did the issuers of defaulted sukuk and bonds failed to pay their obligations? Question No. 4: Research Objectives The first objective of this research is to do a comparative study of all defaulted or D rated or suspended sukuk and bonds in the Malaysian market by comparing the characteristics (see Annexure-1) of both types of issuers. The purpose for this comparative study is: to identify why these corporations failed to pay, which sukuk structure defaulted the most in Malaysia and identify the reasons behind it. The author is of the opinion that there may not be any concerns with the approved sukuk structures but there might be other practical characteristics within issuer or company that may be the cause of these defaults. Second objective of this dissertation is to explore the relationship between all the defaulted sukuk and bonds in the Malaysian market by comparing the financial performance of the issuers of these sukuk/bonds to see if there are any differences between the health of the issuers or merely nomenclature, a simple change of name from bond to sukuk. The basic objectives and requirements in structuring a bond or a sukuk transaction are to fulfill the funding needs of an organization. Investors in these transactions are usually concerned with the financial health of the issuers. The health of any corporation can be measured through the analysis of its financial performance. A study of defaulted sukuk and bonds may shed light on meeting both organizational and investor needs. Data Source To achieve above-mentioned objectives, the author will focus on the secondary data available in published papers, books, magazine articles and databases available on Islamic finance, sukuk and bonds via the Internet. The researcher will consider both quantitative and qualitative study to achieve these objectives. The quantitative data will be collected from financial statements of defaulted issuers and SC, IFIS and BPAM websites. These databases give extensive information on Islamic capital markets. The BPAM database is especially designed to cover the bond market in Malaysia, housing all the basic information regarding the bond or sukuk issue available today. The IFIS database is a specialized Islamic finance database; this will be used to compare the Malaysian sukuk market with other issuers in the world. The quantitative data will help the researcher to collect data regarding financial performance and growth of the sukuk and bond issues in Malaysia and compare it with sukuk issued internationally. Qualitative research will help in understanding the approved structures, issues, challenges and criticism regarding these sukuk. Sample Specification This study is mainly on the performance of Sukuk and Bonds in Malaysian capital Market. The sample in this study focuses mainly on all the D Rated or suspended sukuk and bonds in Malaysian market from 1990 till May 2010. A total of 64 issuers of sukuk and bonds were rated D by the rating agencies or were suspended due to non-payment of their obligations. This sample is further subdivided into two categories, first category is of Bond issuers where the total 33 number of bond issuers came in this category and second category is of sukuk issuers where the total 31 number of sukuk issuers came in this category. The list of all the sukuk and bonds in the sample is given in the table 2. Research Methodology This paper is mainly focused to compare the characteristics of defaulted sukuk and bonds issuers in Malaysia. The main purpose of doing this comparative analysis is to understand the theoretical and practical difference between sukuk and bonds. Two different research methodologies will be adopted to compare the characteristics. These methodologies will compare the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of both types of issuers. Theoretically both sukuk and bonds are different from each other which lead to the difference of performance of issuers. There is no difference between generating funds through issuance of sukuk or bonds it is merely a name of contract, the actual difference is between the purpose of raising funds and the intention of both investors and issuers. Parties involved in issuance of bonds have completely different expectations than the parties involved in issuance of sukuk. The ultimate goal of both the contract is definitely the earning money however the difference is the sharing and holding the responsibility. Following are the two comparative studies to be conducted to understand the difference in characteristics of sukuk and bonds. Comparison of Qualitative characteristics The first comparative study will be conducted on the qualitative characteristics of issuers of D Rated and suspended sukuk and bonds. The research is expected to identify and discuss the qualitative characteristics and to understand the reasons and impact of these characteristics. The comparison will be done on the following characteristics. Term of Issuance Underlying Contract Asset/Equity Ratio Amount of Total Issue to Equity Fixed Assets/Total Assets Ratio Utilization of Funds Collateral/Lien Listed or Non Listed Company Initial Ratings Current Status (Redeemed or Outstanding) Subsidiary/SPV Comparison Quantitative characteristics The main purpose of issuing the sukuk and bonds is to fulfill the financial needs of an institution. This paper will compare the financial performance of all D rated and suspended sukuk issuers with bonds issuers (corporate issues) in Malaysian Capital Market. Financial performance of these sukuk and bonds issuers will be compared with respect to broad categories of financial ratios: coverage, gearing, liquidity, profitability and turnover. The author believes that sukuk and bonds are entirely different in nature and due to their underlying contracts, there should be a substantial difference in their financial performance. These differences will be elaborated upon in detail throughout the dissertation. This financial performance of sukuk and bonds will be analyzed by comparing parametric and non-parametric test of equality of both the samples. The parametric test like Mean and median; and nonparametric test like Wilcoxon/Mann-Whitney ranked test will be used to estimate the equality of different financial ratios of sukuk and bonds. Motivation for choosing the variables The main objective of running any institution or firm is to achieve some predetermined benchmark, and for running any business the main objective is to make it profitable. Profitability of any organization can be maximized by utilizing the best mix of available resources. These resources are basically assets of an organization and the claims against these assets in terms of liabilities and owners equity. Owners equity is not always sufficient for the growth of any firm and these firms have to rely on the external resources. The funding needs can be short term or long term depending on the nature of the project under consideration. Theoretically bonds are always considered debt financing and always come under the umbrella of liabilities; however sukuk is depending on the underlying contract. If it is musharaka, mudaraba financing it is considered equity financing, if it is murabaha or BBA it is treated under liabilities. The main object of issuing both sukuk and bonds is enhancing the profitability of the organization with the best mix of available resources. The comparative analysis is done of the following important financial ratios. Investors can estimate the credit worthiness of a company by analyzing and understanding the effect of these ratios. Financial ratios under observation Following financial ratios are considered as critical for analyzing the performance of any company. In this section we will try to define the concept of financial ratios under discussion and their significance in decision making from investor point of view. Interest coverage ratio (ICov) Operating cashvflow interest coverage ratio (OCFIC) Total gearing (TG) Total Liabilities to Total Assets (TLTA) Cash Ratio (CSHR) Current Ratio (Cr) Interest costs (IC) Profit before Tax Margin (PBTM) Total Asset Turnover (TAT) Non-Current Asset Turnover (NCAT) Interest coverage ratio (ICov) Interest coverage is a ratio to determine how comfortably a company can pay its financing cost on outstanding debt. The interest coverage ratio is computed by dividing a companys earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) of one period by the companys  interest expenses  of the same period:    Interest Coverage Ratio The lower the ratio, the  more the company is burdened by debt costs. When interest coverage ratio is 1.5  or below,  the ability of firm to meet interest expenses may be questionable. An interest coverage ratio of less than1 indicates  the firm is not generating adequate revenues to satisfy financing costs. The coverage characteristic of the ratio specifies how many times the interest expenses could be paid from available earnings. A company that withstands earnings well above its interest requirements is in an excellent situation to weather possible financial storms. However a firm that barely manages its financing costs can easily suffer bankruptcy for even single month. Operating Cash flow interest coverage (OCFIC) Operating cash flow interest coverage ratio (OCFIC), measures the capacity of a company to generate cash flow from its operations to pay its financing costs. Companies with positive cash flow generate more cash flows than required to pay its interest costs. There are two other resources to generate the cash flows, i.e. investment or financing activities. However the companies with healthy cash flows generated from its operations are considered safe. Companies with poor cash flows from operation have to rely either on disposal of some of its investments or they have to rely on external source of financing to meet its obligations. Formula for OCFIC is OCFIC = Net Cash generated from operational activities/ Financing Costs Total Gearing (TG) What Does  Gearing  Mean? An analysis  ratio of a companys level of long-term debt  compared to  its equity financing. Gearing is expressed in percentage form. Companies with high gearing (more long-term liabilities than shareholder  equity) are considered speculative. Gearing is simply how company finances its business; it is through debt or outside financing or through equity financing. Total Gearing = (Total liabilities + Contingent Liabilities)/ (Shareholders Equity + Minority Interest) Debt financing is not always free, increase in gearing will increase the cost of financing and will reduce the PBTM. Total Liabilities to Total Asset Ratio (TLTA) Total Liabilities to Total Asset Ratio measures the firms financial risk which will help to understand how much of the companys assets are been financed by external financing. Total liabilities include both Current and Non-Current liabilities and then divided by the companys total assets. TLTA = (Current Liabilities + Non-Current Liabilities) /Total Assets This ratio is very simple to calculate with a broad impact of companys performance. The ratio is actually the percentage of how much assets are funded by external financing. The lower the ratio of the company the more are the assets financed by equity. Cash Ratio (CSHR) The cash ratio specifies the cash portion of current assets which includes the cash, cash equivalents or invested funds. Cash ratio provides the capability of a company to meet its current assets with highly liquid assets. It is value  of  cash  and  marketable securities  divided by current. Cash Ratio = (Cash + Cash Equivalents) / Current Liabilities Cash ratio (CSHR) is also called the most conservative ratio of all liquidity ratios. CSHR is indicator of a companys ability to meet its current liabilities that need immediate payments. It is noticed from the analysis of both the samples that there are some companies whose current ratio was very healthy but they defaulted. One of major reason for their default is very small portion of cash and cash equivalents. Current Ratio (Cr) Current Ratio is a liquidity  ratio that measures  a companys ability to pay short-term obligations.  If the Current ratio of a company is more than 1.0 which means companys short term assets exceed its short term liabilities and the firm can meet its short term obligation. Short-term obligations mean payments to be done in a year or less. The Current Ratio formula is: Current Ratio    Also known as liquidity ratio, cash asset ratio and cash ratio. Interest costs Ratio (IC) IC is the total expense incurred on the entire credit financing from external sources. Interest costs or financing costs have both positive and negative impact on the PBTM. It depends on the proportion of interest cost on the revenues. Companies with conservative approach of taking external financing have very small proportion of interest cost. However at the same time their revenues are proportionally very small which gives smaller PBTM than the companies with mixed financing. Interest Cost = Interest cost/ Revenues Profit before Tax Margin (PBTM) The dependent variable in our model is PBTM. The bottom line of every business activity is profitability which is considered as the main motivation of every business transaction. Managers use different tools and resources to enhance the profitability of the business. PBTM is considered as bottom line of all the financial ratios. PBTM is the ratio of net income before taxes to net sales. PBTM = (PBT/ Revenues) It is dependent of how the resources are utilized which includes proper utilization of assets (Current and Noncurrent), Managing financial resources (Debt and Equity) and cost (Interest and others) are managed. Total Asset Turnover (TAT) The  total  asset  turnover  helps in determining the relationship between available resources of a company and revenues generated with those assets. Essentially, TAT is used to make sure that the company is realizing a sufficient return on the investment made. Periodic calculation of the  TAT can help a company to identify and built new processes and procedures which can be helpful to increase the return. The practice of calculating the  TAT  is simply to generate the better revenues while making the best use of available company resources. Total Asset Turnover ratio = Revenue / Total Assets PBTM and Non-Current Asset Turnover Ratio (NCAT) Non-current Ratio (NCAT) or Fixed asset ratio is the ratio of net revenues to fixed assets. NCAT ratio measures a companys capability to generate net revenues from Non-current asset investments like; property, plant and equipment. A higher NCAT ratio shows the company has been efficient in utilizing fixed assets investments to generate revenues. NAT = Revenues/ Fixed Assets Companies with better NAT ratio can better manage their long term borrowing than the companies with more emphasis on current assets investments. It is very important for a firm to invest in its fixed asset to generate the long term cash-flows which is necessary to meet long term obligations. Testable hypothesis Following hypothesis were tested in our analysis in this paper. Testing the equality of Means: Testing the equality of Medians: Testing the equality of Variances: The null hypothesis Ho designed here show that there is no significant difference between two test groups and the alternate hypothesis designed here to justify the difference between the two groups. Above hypothesis were tested on 95% confidence level and the test is said to be two tailed or non-directional. Test of Equality of financial Ratios This paper will determine the differences of distributions across populations or we will focus on the differences of two distribution-characteristics: First on moment or mean and second on central moment or Variance. These are the two characteristics, which describe the location and spread of distribution. F-test We will start with the testing for equality of variances (F-test) because the equality of variances is a common assumption in mean equality T-test. F-test is used to test if the variances of two populations are equal. F test can be a one-tailed or two-tailed test. The two-tailed version tests against the alternative that the variances are not equal. The one-tailed version only tests in one direction of the sample. That is the variance from the first population is either greater than () or less than (), but not both, the variance of second population. The significance of the F-ratio is obtained by referring to a table of the F distribution, using degree of freedom {df1, df2}, where df1 and df2 are the degrees of freedom from the regression mean square and residual mean square. How to reject or accept F-test (for overall significance) ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±=0.05 Decision: Reject Ho if the f-stat falls in the rejection area (p values Ho: ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±=.05) T-Test: The two-series t-test is used to indicate if two sample means are equal. A common use of this t-test is to analyze the performance of new procedure or treatment to a current procedure or treatment. The hypotheses to compare the means of two independent samples are: (Means are equal) (Means are not equal)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚      The test statistic is a students t-test with N2 degrees of freedom (df), where N is the total number of observations. A low pvalue gives evidence to reject the null hypothesis against the alternative. In other words we can write that, there is evidence that the means are not equal. Decision: Reject the null hypothesis if the test statistics for each sample falls in the rejection region (p values .05) Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test (WMW) Wilcoxon signed rank test (WMW)  is used to test whether the median of a symmetric population is 0 or not. First, the data are ranked without looking to sign of each observation. Second, the sign of the each observation is attached to its corresponding rank. Finally, the one sample z statistic (standard error of the mean /mean) is calculated from the signed ranks. For all small samples under observations, the statistic is compared to likely results and if each rank was equally likely to have a +or -sign affixed. For large samples, the z- statistic is compared to percentiles of the standard normal distribution. The  Wilcoxon rank sum test  (also known as the  Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test)[1]is used to test whether two samples are taken from the same population. It is appropriate if the likely alternative is that the two populations are moved with respect to each other. The test is performed by ranking the combined data set, dividing the ranks into two sets according the group membership of the original observations, and calculating a two sample z statistic, using the pooled variance estimate. For large samples, the statistic is compared to percentiles of the standard normal distribution. For small samples, the statistic is compared to what would result if the data were combined into a single data set and assigned at random to two groups having the same number of observations as the original samples. Skewness and Kurtosis[2] A basic task in many statistical studies is to characterize the location and variability of a set of a data. Further the data is classified into skewness and kurtosis. Skewness is an indicator of symmetry, or more precisely we can say the lack of symmetry. A data set under observation is called symmetric if it looks the same to the both sides of the center point. Kurtosis is an indicator of the data whether it is peaked or flat as compare to a normal distribution. That is, data sets with high kurtosis tend to have a distinct peak near the mean, decline rather rapidly, and have heavy tails. Data sets with low kurtosis tend to have a flat top near the mean rather than a sharp peak. A uniform distribution would be the extreme case.

The Human Rights Act 1998 Essay - 1967 Words

Human Rights Act 1998 The Human Rights Act 1998 sets out the rights and freedoms of every citizen in the United Kingdom. The HRA has three main effects, the first one is that it incorporates set out in the European Convention of Human Rights into British law. Therefore if someone in the UK were to breech your Human Rights you would be able to deal with this through the British court instead of the European Court of Human Rights in France, which is what people had to do previously if their human rights were breeched. This means in Britain in requires everyone (schools, police, courts, local authorities and hospitals) carrying out public functions to respect and protect their own and others human rights. These rights are called Convention Rights. For the Human Rights Act to work it means all public bodies have to work with government, the public can do this by respecting the rights and the government will put the laws in place so that others respect your human rights too. For example, everyone has the right to life and this doesn’t only rely on the government to make sure you receive this right, but it also depends on those around you not to harm you in any way, this is why the government has put in laws to try and stop people from harming you so that you get that basic right. Human Rights Timeline: †¢ Universal Declaration on Human Rights 1948 UDHR came into force on the 10th December 1948 †¢ European Convention on Human Rights 1950 ECHR came into force on the 3rdShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights Act 1998 ( Hra )3755 Words   |  16 PagesSection C: 8 Before the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) coming into force, the UK subscribed to a ‘weak’ judicial review. However, the Act has brought a drastic change into the practice of judicial review in the UK. 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Explanation will be made of the way that the UK addresses the implementation of the rights in the English legal system. Issues such as conflicting rights and legal limitations will also be considered. An evaluation will be made of whether or not The Human Rights Act 1998 protects the fundamental rights of UKRead MoreThe Human Rights Act 19981486 Words   |  6 Pages The Human Rights Act 1998 The Human Rights Act 1998 was fully enforced in 2000 and describes further effect to freedoms and rights that are entitled under the ECHR (the European Convention on Human Rights) (Ward, Wragg Walker 2011, p. 146). The constitutional framework of the United Kingdom implies that the Human Rights Act 1998 is not ‘embedded’ in the same way as the human rights papers that are adopted by many nations in the world. Nonetheless, it is argued that any attempt to amend or repealRead MoreHuman Right Act, 1998766 Words   |  4 Pagescommunities which are not mainstream, often face additional challenges and barriers in escaping the domestic violence they are experiencing. Religion plays a vital role in that factor. Everybody has the right to worship whichever way they want to worship. Human Right Act, 1998. Vulnerable people have the right to privacy and protection from harm. Invasion of privacy is also an issue in residential homes where some staff members do not knock before en tering a resident’s room. Network of support- When anRead MoreThe Human Rights Act 19981355 Words   |  6 PagesThis is applicable to public authorities in the regard that it is fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty upon them as they act for the collective welfare of society. Newtown Council is a local government authority exercising public function; it is therefore susceptible to liability. Furthermore, it is important to note that the introduction of the Human Rights Act 1998 has affected the law of negligence, a breach of duty that results in damage to the claimant. This area of law has shown to beRead MoreThe Human Rights Act 19981470 Words   |  6 PagesThe Human Rights Act 1998 sets out fundamental rights for everyone within the UK. This incorporates the rights in which were set out in the European Convention on Human Rights, meaning if a persons’ rights are breached, the case can be brought to UK court rather than seeking justice from the European Court of Human Rights located in Franc e. In practice, this ensures all new laws are compatible with the Human Rights. The European Court of Human Rights; which focuses on humanities basic necessitiesRead MoreThe Human Rights Act 1998914 Words   |  4 Pagesimplications in regards to this study and the relevance to this particular case. The Human Rights Act 1998 according to Wild and Weinstein (2013-p217) came into force on the 2nd of October 2010. It seeks to protect the rights of all European nations. (LIST ALL RIGHTS IF YOU HAVE THE WORD COUNT) The Equality Act 2006 according to personnel today (2006) was firstly to establish the Commission for Equality and Human Rights, this is applicable to discrimination on grounds of beliefs and religions in the

Operating in Violent Areas Free Essays

Yes, I think companies should feel free to do business all over the world, as long as they keep to the local law and regulations. Companies are the ones with the money, if all the companies stay away from violent countries or areas, then the local people will never have a better life. Unless the violent stops, but in most countries the violence will go on for many years (like Rwanda). We will write a custom essay sample on Operating in Violent Areas or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are a lot of companies which are making big money in violent areas. The most money is made in sectors like intelligence gathering, investigations in local companies and security. And a lot of constructing companies are making big money in Iran and Afghanistan, that is logical because a great deal of western governments are investing a lot of money in rebuilding those countries. Even the mining industry are booming in those countries, because bigger companies want to buy out. Some economists are saying that taking risk in violent countries can bring you from the second place to the market leading position. So for those companies it is worth taking the risk. As the writer of the ‘Point Yes’ (from the handout) said: ‘Some industry don’t have the luxury of avoiding the violent countries, take the petroleum industry’. If you take a look at the world most dangerous countries you see that Iraq and Colombia are both in the top 10. But they are rich of oil. So companies as Shell and BP will going to invest there, even putting the risk of the employees at risk. Companies are responsible for their employees, if they want to send current workers to those violent areas, they should inform them about the situations and risks. Of course there are limits because your employees are not militaries, so where the fight is at the highest point (like the beginning of the invasion of the middle east), you should not place your factory in the middle of the two fronts. In my opinion the writer of ‘Point No’ is using the reason ‘The people who are willing to work there, are not ideal for working’, because he is afraid that his company won’t be making profit there. I think as soon as a company is noticing a way to make a lot of profit without breaking any regulations it will invest. Let’s take Iraq for example, the need for private security is very high, so security companies can make a lot of money there. The only risk is that most of the people haven’t got that much experience in working in high risk countries. So having trained experience is good for your company. Your employees will be saver and can handle the mental pressure. Another way is to train local people, who are used to the situation, for your company. But local people can also be a problem, let’s take a look at Somalia because the warlords are chancing all the time, it is very hard to do business there. Every warlord has its own rules and regulations, in some cases they just make up the rules because that suits them better. When that occurs your company has a problem. But most of the time they want ‘protection’ money for your employees. So a form of blackmailing. But many companies have a ‘escape plan’, as soon as the political situation changes the wrong way, they pack their bags and jump on the plain. But if a company doesn’t want to take that much risk, they should analyse their options. Follow local news and polls or they can ask the help of commercial risk-assessment services, they can be of great value. Not only fire-arms can be dangerous for companies, even though it is threat, so is the economic condition of a country. If you want to invest in a country but the economy is collapsing (like the Greek did), than I would not go there, unless you work for example in the oil industry. Because even if the local people can’t afford it anymore, you can always export it to your own country. It is the same if you are already located there. My opinion, companies should operate in risky countries if they have a feeling of creating benefits from it, as long as the employees are not forced to go there. But they should always take in to account that a lot of violent countries are not stable, so make sure you are prepared for when something bad happens. To make sure you won’t go bankrupted it is wise to spread your risk by not only depending on that one country. How to cite Operating in Violent Areas, Papers

Operating in Violent Areas Free Essays

Yes, I think companies should feel free to do business all over the world, as long as they keep to the local law and regulations. Companies are the ones with the money, if all the companies stay away from violent countries or areas, then the local people will never have a better life. Unless the violent stops, but in most countries the violence will go on for many years (like Rwanda). We will write a custom essay sample on Operating in Violent Areas or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are a lot of companies which are making big money in violent areas. The most money is made in sectors like intelligence gathering, investigations in local companies and security. And a lot of constructing companies are making big money in Iran and Afghanistan, that is logical because a great deal of western governments are investing a lot of money in rebuilding those countries. Even the mining industry are booming in those countries, because bigger companies want to buy out. Some economists are saying that taking risk in violent countries can bring you from the second place to the market leading position. So for those companies it is worth taking the risk. As the writer of the ‘Point Yes’ (from the handout) said: ‘Some industry don’t have the luxury of avoiding the violent countries, take the petroleum industry’. If you take a look at the world most dangerous countries you see that Iraq and Colombia are both in the top 10. But they are rich of oil. So companies as Shell and BP will going to invest there, even putting the risk of the employees at risk. Companies are responsible for their employees, if they want to send current workers to those violent areas, they should inform them about the situations and risks. Of course there are limits because your employees are not militaries, so where the fight is at the highest point (like the beginning of the invasion of the middle east), you should not place your factory in the middle of the two fronts. In my opinion the writer of ‘Point No’ is using the reason ‘The people who are willing to work there, are not ideal for working’, because he is afraid that his company won’t be making profit there. I think as soon as a company is noticing a way to make a lot of profit without breaking any regulations it will invest. Let’s take Iraq for example, the need for private security is very high, so security companies can make a lot of money there. The only risk is that most of the people haven’t got that much experience in working in high risk countries. So having trained experience is good for your company. Your employees will be saver and can handle the mental pressure. Another way is to train local people, who are used to the situation, for your company. But local people can also be a problem, let’s take a look at Somalia because the warlords are chancing all the time, it is very hard to do business there. Every warlord has its own rules and regulations, in some cases they just make up the rules because that suits them better. When that occurs your company has a problem. But most of the time they want ‘protection’ money for your employees. So a form of blackmailing. But many companies have a ‘escape plan’, as soon as the political situation changes the wrong way, they pack their bags and jump on the plain. But if a company doesn’t want to take that much risk, they should analyse their options. Follow local news and polls or they can ask the help of commercial risk-assessment services, they can be of great value. Not only fire-arms can be dangerous for companies, even though it is threat, so is the economic condition of a country. If you want to invest in a country but the economy is collapsing (like the Greek did), than I would not go there, unless you work for example in the oil industry. Because even if the local people can’t afford it anymore, you can always export it to your own country. It is the same if you are already located there. My opinion, companies should operate in risky countries if they have a feeling of creating benefits from it, as long as the employees are not forced to go there. But they should always take in to account that a lot of violent countries are not stable, so make sure you are prepared for when something bad happens. To make sure you won’t go bankrupted it is wise to spread your risk by not only depending on that one country. How to cite Operating in Violent Areas, Papers

Middle Range Theory in Nursing Essay Example For Students

Middle Range Theory in Nursing Essay Needless to say, any profession may be defined as credible only in case it has the potential to develop a theoretical background to address the needs of society. Nevertheless, nursing is built mainly on the applicability of practical skills in health care rather than theoretical studies. Therefore, to make sure that the nurses occupy a dominant place in the health care industry and society rather than subordinate, it is crucial to understand the importance of the mentioned theories and increase the overall importance of research in the industry of health care. Outline1 What is  the middle range theory?2 Why do middle-range theories matter?3 Some types of middle range theory  in nursing3.1 Theories of uncertainty3.2 Theory of meaning3.3 Theory of self-transcendence3.4 Theory of cultural marginality4 Conclusion What is  the middle range theory? Middle range theory  presents  interconnected ideas related to the actual practice of nursing. This set includes a number of theoretical studies needed for the nurses to their professional development.   As far as the enhancement of these theories is concerned, they develop at the point where practice and pure middle range theories  overlap in health care. One should understand that particular theories are an inevitable part of the discipline’s structure to enhance its position in society. Approximately twenty years ago, the development of the particular theories became relatively common in nursing.   Besides, in comparison to other theoretical studies, they are more limited.   Therefore, middle range theory  in nursing addresses  the sufficient knowledge of this discipline and assist in expanding and clarifying particular phenomena in society related to the overall industry of health care. Why do middle-range theories matter? The autonomy of practitioners. First, the nurses would be much more autonomous when a number of practices are conceptualized with the help of particular theories. Hence, the role of the practitioners in society will also be enhanced. The extensive research in nursing. Middle-range theories in nursing have already become the basis needed for nursing practice and research. When the authority of Nursing as a discipline is enhanced in society, the gap between nursing practice and science due to particular theories will be finally narrowed. These days, there exists the concept of â€Å"praxis† in health care used to refer to the important combination of theory-research practice that exists in the patient-nurse encounter. The development of strong practice. It would be anticipated that with the development of innovative practices that take place in modern society and the system of health care, a number of nurses applying theory will grow. Therefore, theory-guided practice will contribute not only to the development of nursing but also will improve the quality of care provided by the nurses and the patient’s wellness. Some types of middle range theory  in nursing Theories of uncertainty We will write a custom essay on Middle Range Theory in Nursing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now These particular theories were created to address the possible uncertainty that may occur. The theory presumes that uncertainty is an inevitable part of any illness situation, which is always unpredictable and may be influenced by a number of events in society. Also, the theory explains how the patients subjectively interpret their illness and relate it to possible treatments and outcomes. Theory of meaning This type assists the nurses in discovering meaning for the patients facing a number of life challenges. Many professionals in the sphere of healthcare use this particular theory in society, first of all, to understand the nature of a number of life stresses, one’s behavior and way of thinking when life-changing events take place, and the concept of human suffering. The application of this theory has also evolved from the individual level to groups and to the well-being of a whole society. .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 , .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .postImageUrl , .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 , .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565:hover , .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565:visited , .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565:active { border:0!important; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565:active , .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565 .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u489d1e470e85784378d00daac80f1565:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Salvador Dali: The Conqest Of The Irrational EssayTheory of self-transcendence The primary goal of this particular theory is to create an important framework needed for practice to promote well-being among the patients during a number of difficult life situations, especially when people face loss or life-limiting health issues. Therefore, these particular theories deepen one’s understanding of the patients’ psychology and help the nurses to deal with a number of issues. Theory of cultural marginality It goes without saying that with the increased level of globalization, a number of patients who are immigrants in a particular country continue to increase. At the same time, the chances that a culture conflict will occur also become stronger. Being caught between cultures, a patient faces a number of impacts on his or her health. The essence of the theory of cultural marginality is to give an important answer to the question how the practitioners may ease one’s experience in a new society to minimize the occurrence of culture conflict. The theory underlines not only the difficulties a person faces living between cultures, but also tries to find the link between the challenges in a new society and immigrant well-being. Therefore, it has direct relevance to real-world practice and research, especially when a culture conflict takes place. Conclusion Therefore, it is crucial for the nursing profession to continue the research on a number of middle-range theories and their place in society. Reconsidering the model developed during the concept building process, a number of middle range theories  create logical backgrounds for the practitioners interested in studying the psychology of the patients when they face different issues, including culture conflicts. Particular middle range theories guide day-to-day practice and scholarly research needed in nursing.   The coexistence of various types of theories in nursing show logical relationships between the studies and applies them directly to practice. Besides, the particular theories discussed above and many other theories that were not mentioned provide consistent information needed to develop a deepened realizing of research in nursing in society. Therefore, middle range theories  present new opportunities for expanding nursing through the coexistence of research and theory, ad dressing possible culture conflicts, and identifying many other problems of health care.

Physics The Domino Effect Lab Report Essay Example

Physics The Domino Effect Lab Report Paper Controlled Variable: The number of dominoes used (8 dominoes), the distance between the dominoes (2 CM), the loads used as the initial force applied on the amino (egg), the inclined plane used as a platform that will direct the load to hit the first domino (200), the stopwatch used to time the domino effect, the person using the stopwatch, the person releasing the metal weight from the top of the inclined plane, the ruler used to measure the distance between the dominoes. Equipment 1 Inclined Plane 1 (50 g) Metal Weight 4 x 8 (20 g) Metal weight 8 Dominoes (Nun Stacks) 1 Digital Mass Balance (i 0. 1 g) 1 Masking Tape 1 Protractor 1 Ruler 1 Stopwatch (Â ± 0. 01 s) -34290039687500Diagram Analysis of Variables Independent Variable: The mass of the dominoes will vary ranging from 12. 38 g to 82. 38 g. The increase between each of the variable will be constantly 20 g, to satisfy the range of the mass; the original mass of the domino is 12. 38 g, and an additional mass from a 20 g of load will be attached on top of the domino for every change in variable. Dependent Variable: In accordance to the mass for every variable, the time taken of the domino effect to be completed (1st hit to the 8th fall) will also differ. Therefore, the time taken of the domino effect will depend on the change of mass of the dominoes. A stopwatch will be utilized to record the time of the chain of falling dominoes. Controlled Variable: Identified Variables Possible Impact on Results Specific Method for Control Distance between each center point of domino (2 CM) If the distance between each center point of domino differs for every domino in each trial, the time taken of the falling effect will also differ. Making the distance between each domino the same will create the energy transfer from one domino to another domino to be the same as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics The Domino Effect Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Physics The Domino Effect Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Physics The Domino Effect Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The energy transfer will take a certain time, therefore the stance between each domino must be kept constant so that the time taken will not be altered, thus creating a consistent and valid data. The distance between the dominoes (2 CM) will be measured with a 15 CM ruler. To ensure the exact placement of the domino, a masking tape will be used to mark the center point. Number of dominoes (8) The difference in the number of dominoes used for each trials will definitely affect the time taken to complete the domino effect. The greater the amount of dominoes used, the longer the time taken to complete the effect. Similarly, using a smaller amount of domino results in faster falling time. Thus using inconsistent number of dominoes will likely cause invalid comparison between data points to occur. 8 dominoes will be used for the entire experiment. Mass of the metal weight (500 g) If the mass of the metal weight is different, this will affect the initial force acting upon the domino, and ultimately this will increase or decrease the rate of the falling domino, or it might not even budge the dominoes at all. The same metal weight will be utilized for he entire experiment. Angle between the base and the inclined ramp (200) The angle of the ramp also impacts the placement of the metal weight that acts as the trigger to push the dominoes. If the angle of the ramp is not kept constant, the potential energy stored in the metal weight will be different, thus when it is set into motion, the force that will hit the domino will not be the same. This will then interfere the consistency of the data. The angle of 200 will be set by using a protractor. Type of inclined plane Even though friction is neglected in his experiment, by using a different type of inclined plane, the acceleration of the metal weight will be slightly modified, thus the initial force exerted by the metal weight on the domino will also be altered. The same wooden plane will be utilized for the entire experiment. Starting point of the metal weight If the starting point of the ball is inconsistent, the force applied on to the dominoes will also be inconsistent, thus altering the overall data. The place where the ball will be released will be marked by a masking tape. Placement of the dominoes In order to ensure that the domino effect will move smoothly without any obstruction, the dominoes must be placed neatly in a straight line. This will avoid interruption for the time taken for the domino effect to be completed. A ruler will be used to ensure that the dominoes are placed in a straight line. Digital Mass Balance Different digital measurement tools have different calibration. Therefore, it is a crucial aspect to use the same digital mass balance for every trial because this will help create a trend in the data that is accurate and precise.

How to Write an Original Composition Essay

How to Write an Original Composition Essay Compositions are mainly written in the junior schools in many states. For the teachers they normally have hard times trying to train their students on how to be creative. The students some of the times get tired and they copy the compositions from the articles that they see written in the English language. Therefore the teacher has to take her time in teaching the students how to write an original composition essay. When the teachers get into the classes, they introduce the topic by explaining to the students what composition is. This way they set a background for the students to know what they are going to be writing about. Once they know that it is just a matter of being creative they will be able to create small events and they will in turn learn how to put them down in the papers. This is how they form the foundation of these students in the creative writings. After this now the teachers insist on the essays. The teachers say that they students should know the purpose of writing the compositions. Even if the composition is all about creative writing, the students should read the instructions carefully and understand them then they will be able to base their creativity on what they will understand. This way they will be able to create the right thing for the right topic that the teachers will give them. After they have read the instructions then they will be able to know whether the composition will be written in essay forms, narratives, plays, short stories or poetry. This is because each of them is written in different ways. After this now the students should be ready to write the introduction of the topic that they are going to cover. They must give the readers a clue of what they are going to talk about in the body of their composition. From this part now the students must develop a body of what they will write. This is normally what the composition is all about. In the body writing, the students should first come up with ten points that they want to talk about in their writing. These points should be supported by some ideas as well as details about them. After this the students should group the points into main groups like three of them. These three main groups will form the three main paragraphs in the body. They should be well organized such that the first one will support the second one and so on. The paragraphs should be detailed. The students should also conclude their work. They should base their conclusion from the body, from what they have explained in their body. Then they should draft the work in a final draft. To get a 100% original essay you can contact our online essay service which offers custom written papers in more than 60 disciplines. Plagiarism-free guaranteed.

Personal development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Personal development - Essay Example Learning theories also stress that behaviors are based on conditioning, and without experiences, it is not possible for an individual to shape his or her behavior in a positive way. Learning is a process, which makes a person perfect in all fields of life. We can take an example of a country’s laws, which are made by the government of that country to make the citizens live their lives accordingly. Laws are very important for the whole nation’s progress because they are solutions to all sorts of political and social problems. All citizens are supposed to respect the laws in order to live a peaceful and systematic life. If a person breaks a law, the law-enforcing department of that country punishes that person for breaking that specific law. Now that punishment will act as a process of learning for that person based on his personal experience, as he will never try to break that law again in life. Learning plays its part in all aspects of an individual’s life, such as, education, social interactions, decision-making, and professional life. In education, learning is an ongoing process. A child starts learning from a very early age in school and keeps on learning different behaviors and emotions, which he observes. Learning those behaviors and emotions are very important for a child in order to survive in society in a proper way. Education is another word for learning because it makes us aware of different things, which we do not know. Teachers make us view the life from different angles strengthening our process of learning. We get awareness about different subjects in schools and express the acquired knowledge in different social and professional environments. Learning also improves our social interactions in an effective manner. We learn different behaviors and expressions from the people around us and make use of those behaviors while interacting with other people. Effective social interactions need a good knowledge of all requirements of ef fective communication. When a person has required knowledge of how to communicate effectively with other people, he does not find any kind of difficulty in improving his social interactions. Without having knowledge of effective communication skills, a person can never interact properly with other people. Learning is a process, which improves our social interaction skills by making us acquire required knowledge related to effective communication essentials. Learning also helps us progress in our professional lives. A person interacts with other people, such as, colleagues and managers, and acquires knowledge, which helps that person progress in professional career. Effective workplace communication skills are essential for the success of an employee. Without learning effective communication skills, an employee can never achieve desired success in his professional life. An employee needs to learn how to interact effectively with colleagues and other officials in order to open the cha nces for professional success. Learning also helps us improve our decision-making abilities. Without good and sufficient knowledge, we cannot take correct decisions because decision-making needs knowledge of all aspects of a situation. Learning injects that knowledge in our minds based on our own experiences, which helps us take correct and the most suitable decision regarding any specific matter. Learning is an intangible process. â€Å"Our ability to learn and our intellectual capacity

Compare and contrast spanish, mexican and american periods in CA Essay

Compare and contrast spanish, mexican and american periods in CA history - Essay Example Thus, the Spanish period boosted the economy of California through agriculture. The Spanish periods was a time that Cattle rearing became very common amongst the people of California as this was introduced by the missions. California began to be under Mexican control in 1825. The dominance of the Mexicans of California was after their independence from Spain in 1821. Alta California, which was when the name of the region became an official territory of the Mexicans in 1825. Some influential Californians were distraught by the wealth and affluence of the Spanish missions and they sought help from the Mexicans and the newly independent Mexico helped to suppress the powers of the Spanish rule in California. Thus, the people of California were actually the ones that invited the Mexicans to come to their aid and rescue them from the hands of the Spanish missions. The Mexicans converted the mission lands in California to settlement region in 1833. The end of the Spanish rule in California saw the fading of the missions in the region and the emergence and further development of cattle ranching in the region as the lands that were seized from the missions were used for ranching and trade by the Mexicans. Thus, it could be inferred that, the Mexican period was more acceptable to the people of California than the Spanish period (Rolle 21-23). The Mexican period ended in the 1840s and there was actually a series of bloodless strife between the indigenes of California and the Mexican authority up to the time that the Mexican rule lasted in the region. The American settlement in California actually started towards the end of the Mexican period in the region. The Americans that initially went to the region before the 1840s were adventurers, fur trappers, and sailors. In 1840, hundreds of American settlers lived in California and this increased the numbers of United States settlers during the initial stage

Determination of Uranium Concentration in Uranium Ore

Determination of Uranium Concentration in Uranium Ore Investigation of effective Parameters on determination of uranium concentration in uranium ore by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy A. AliValiOllahi*, Gh. Alahyarizadeh, S. A. Ahmadi, A. Minuchehr, A. Zolfaghari Abstract Uranium concentration in four different sample solutions (A, B, C and D) of uranium ore was determined by X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The effect of several different parameters on the XRF results including types of acid digestion, sample amount and calibration methods were also investigated. Regarding to absent of uranium ore standard, the samples were prepared as solutions. Three different microwave acid digestions, (HNO3: HCl: HF-6:2:2), (H3PO4: H2SO4: HF-3:3:3), (HNO3: H2O2: HF-4:2:2), were used. The highest uranium concentrations for three samples (A, C and D) were obtained by third acid digestion method and another sample (B), was obtained by second acid digestion, which were 10.8, 4.8, 9.8 and 12.5 ppm, respectively. To study the matrix effect, different standard calibrations such as external calibration, internal addition were applied. The results were also confirmed by the measurements which wer e performed by ICP-OES. Keywords: Uranium ore, X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy, ICP-OES, Microwave acid digestion, internal addition Introduction Uranium is the famous element from the actinide series in the periodic table which has an atomic number of 92. it is silver color, ductile, flexible and slightly paramagnetic metal which has high density. Uranium is the material of vast technological importance because of its use as the main fuel in nuclear reactors. The usual source for uranium production is uranium ores which are too limited. Therefore, determination of uranium concentration in the uranium ores has very high importance [1, 2]. Several techniques have been developed for determination of uranium. Including inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [3, 4], inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) [5], inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) [6, 7], flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) [8], graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) [9], X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) [10, 11]. Geological samples which contain uranium are most commonly analyzed by XRF method. Many studies have been carried out on the use of XRF for determination of uranium concentration in ore samples. P. Arikan et al studied quantitative analysis of uranium in ore deposit by XRF; their experiments clearly show the capability of XRF method for analysis of uranium in uranium bearing ores [12]. M. A. Al-Eshaikh determined uranium content in phosphate ores using different measurement techniques; they concluded that XRF provides the accurate results for heavy elements such as uranium [15]. Furthermore, many researches have been issued on the use of ICP-OES for the determination of uranium in uranium matrices. P. Murugesan et al studied determination of total concentration of uranium in borehole core samples by ICP-OES; they concluded that the ICP-OES results obtained compare favorably by using differential technique in laser-induced fluorimetry, which they used as a reference measurement procedure [13] and J. S. Santos et al studied operating condition for determination of uranium by ICP-OES; their results agreed with the results achieved using ICP-MS [14]. In the present study, XRF spectrometry was used to determine the concentration of uranium in four different uranium ore samples which was prepared by three various acid digestion strategies. The effect of different acid digestions and also different addition methods were studied on the results. ICP-OES method was also used for the results validation. Materials and methods Instrumentation The analytical determination of uranium was carried out with ICP-OES spectrometer: Spectra Genesis and XRF spectrometer: Spectra Xepos. A Spectra Xepos XRF spectrometer that uses a 50 watt end-window X-ray tube to excite samples was used for XRF measurements. The target changer, with up to 8 polarization and secondary targets, offers many different excitation conditions ensuring optimum determination of all elements from Na to U. The detector is a state-of-the-art silicon drift detector and measurements can be conducted in a He gas. And also a Spectro Genesis spectrometer that is equipped with powerful automation functions for the safe unattended analysis of a large number of samples with an optional autosampler, several hundred samples can be processed without operator intervention. An extensive package Such as a wide range of sample introduction systems, autosamplers, an autodilutor, an ultrasonic nebulizer and hydride generator accessories is available for the Spectro Genesis and it covers the entire relevant wavelength range from 175 to 777nm. A free-running generator with a frequency of 27.12 MHz and a power output of 0.7 to 1.7 kW is utilized. It includes automatic plasma ignition as well as an energy and argon-saving standby mode. The software uses for the Spectro Genesis is The Smart Analyzer Vision software. Table 1 shows some operating conditions and basic information about the devices used in this study. Table 1 Operating parameters of ICP-OES and XRF The sample digestions were arranged using the Multiwave 3000 Anton Paar Microwave Digestion System with eight digestion vessels was used for microwave assisted acid digestion procedures. Table 2 shows operating conditions used for the acid digestion procedures. Table 2 Operating programs of microwave acid digestions Fan Hold(min) Ramp(min) P-Rate( bar/sec) Power Watt Program 1 3 15 15 5 0 0.5 600 0 Cleaning 1 2 45 20 5 0 0.5 700 0 Main 1 2 20 20 0 0 0.5 600 0 Complexing Reagents and solutions The acids were used; hydrochloric acid (37% w/v), nitric acid (67% w/v), hydrofluoric acid (40% w/v), sulfuric acid (95% w/v), phosphoric acid (424% w/v) and hydrogen peroxide (521% w/v) were suprapure reagents (Suprapure, Merck). Boric acid (2% w/v) was analytical-reagent grade (AnalaR; BDH, Chemical Poole, England). High-purity water (electrical resistivity >18Mà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦cm) was produced with a Milli-Q system (Millipore, MA, USA). Calibration was obtained with external standards. Standard solutions were prepared by diluting a 1000ppm uranium standard solution (ICP Multielement Standard IV, Merck, Darmstadt, FRG). Sample preparation Four different uranium ore samples were collected from various regions of Iran that named A, B, C and D. To prepare the liquid sample for examination with XRF and ICP-OES spectrometers, the ore samples should be completely digested using acid combinations. Due to the silica in the samples, HF acid had to be used to achieve complete digestion. Three different acid combinations were used, first 6ml of hydrochloric acid, 2ml of nitric acid plus 2ml of hydrofluoric acid (HNO3:HCl:HF-6:2:2) [16], second 3ml of phosphoric acid, 3ml of sulfuric acid and 3ml of hydrofluoric acid (H3PO4: H2SO4: HF-3:3:3) [17] and third 4ml of nitric acid, 2ml of hydrogen peroxide and 2ml of hydrofluoric acid (HNO3: H2O2: HF-4:2:2) [18, 19]. 0.4g of each ore sample ( Results and discussions Calibration of XRF method Standard 1000ppm uranium solutions were available; five solutions (100ppm, 20ppm, 5ppm, 2ppm and blank) were prepared, 3.5ml of each solution was analyzed in the XRF and the uranium method was created. For determining different elements in XRF method usually KÃŽ ± or LÃŽ ± is used, since uranium is a heavy element, LÃŽ ± was measured [21, 22, 23]. Intensities of uranium peaks and calculated concentration of uranium in standard solutions is summarized in table 3 and the calibration curve is plotted in figure 1. Table 3 Normal impulses and calculated conc. of U in Standards Figure 1 Calibration plot of standards using X-Rays Influence of different acid digestions on uranium measurement The uranium ore samples (A, B, C and D) were digested using three different acid digestion strategies. Using the uranium method obtained from calibration 3.5ml samples were prepared and analyzed in the XRF and their uranium concentrations were measured, results are summarized in table 4. Table 4 Uranium concentration (ppm) of U-ore samples by XRF Influence of the volume of samples on uranium measurement To check the influence of the volume of samples on measurements, 2ml, 3ml, 3.5ml and 4ml samples were also prepared using sample B 3:3:3 and analyzed in the XRF and their uranium concentrations were measured using the uranium method previously obtained. Table 5 shows the results and it can be seen, the volume of samples has insignificant effect on the results. Table 5 Uranium concentration (ppm) for different amount of sample Influence of addition on sample matrices in XRF measurement Since the matrix structure of samples has a significant influence on XRF measurements, the influence was studied using the addition method. One of the uranium ore samples (sample B) was used; 2.5ml of this sample was added by 1ml of the addition solution. Addition solutions were 200ppm, 100ppm, 50ppm and blank. The final solutions were analyzed by XRF using uranium method. The results are summarized in table 6 and figure 2. Table 6 Uranium concentration (ppm) for various additions Figure 2 Uranium concentration for various additions Another addition method was also used, in this method 3ml, 2.5ml, 2ml, 1.5ml, 1ml and 0.5ml samples were added by respectively 0.5ml, 1ml, 1.5ml, 2ml, 2.5ml and 3ml of standard 100ppm solution, the results are summarized in table 7 and figure 3. Table 7 uranium concentration (ppm) of various additions Figure 3 Concentration of various additions ICP-OES method results compared to XRF Due to its high accuracy, rapid analysis and simplicity, ICP-OES method was used for result validation. Similar to the XRF method, calibration is achieved using standard solutions. Eight standard solutions were used, and the results are summarized in table 7 and the calibration curve is plotted in figure 3 Table 8 Insenties of U peaks and calculated conc. of U in standard solutions Figure 4 Calibration plot of standards using ICP-OES . The uranium ore samples (A, B, C and D) were digested using similar acid digestion strategies used in XRF method. Uranium concentrations were measured in the samples (table 9). Table 9 Uranium concentration (ppm) of U-ore samples by ICP-OES As it can be seen the results of uranium concentration from ICP-OES are conformity with the results of XRF. Conclusion Uranium is a material of vast technological importance because of its use as a main fuel in nuclear reactors. Determination of uranium concentration in uranium ores has very high importance. Uranium concentration in four different ore samples of Iran uranium ores was determined by XRF and ICP-OES spectrometry methods. Three different microwave acid digestions were used. After sample preparation, calibration was done using standard solutions. Five samples were used for the XRF method and eight were used for ICP-OES. The uranium concentration was measured in these samples. References [1] N. L. Misra, S. Dhara, A. Das, G. S. Lodha, S. K. Aggarwal And I. Varga, Trace determination of uranium in fertilizer samples by total reflection X-ray fluorescence, Pramana – J. Phys., Vol. 76, No. 2, February 2011 [2] J. S. Santos, L. S. G. Teixeira, W. N. L. dos Santos, V. A. Lemos, J. M. Godoy and S. L.C. Ferreira, Uranium determination using atomic spectrometric techniques: An overview, Analytica Chimica Acta 674 (2010) 143–156 [3] A. Sasmaz M. Yaman, Determination of Uranium and Thorium in Soil and Plant Parts around Abandoned Lead–Zinc–Copper Mining Area, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, (2008), 39:17-18, 2568-2583 [4] C. Charalambous, M. Aletrari, P. Piera, P. Nicolaidou-Kanari, M. Efstathiou, I. Pashalidis, Uranium levels in Cypriot ground water samples determined by ICP- M S and alpha-spectroscopy, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 116 (2013) 187e192 [5] A. Premadas, P. K. Srivastava, Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric determination of lanthanides and Y in various uranium hydrometallurgical products, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 251, No. 2 (2002) 233–239 [6] K. Satyanarayana and S. Durani, Separation and inductively coupled plasma optical emission, spectrometric (ICP-OES) determination of trace impurities in nuclear grade uranium oxide, J Radioanal Nucl Chem (2010) 285:659–665 [7] M. Bettinelli, G.M. Beone, S. Spezia and C. Baffi, Determination of heavy metals in soils and sediments by microwave-assisted digestion and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry analysis, Analytica Chimica Acta 424 (2000) 289–296 [8] B. P. Li, M. B. Luo, J. Q. Li, W. Liu, Y.Z. Sun and G.L. Guo, Determination of cadmium and lead in high purity uranium compounds by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with on-line micro-column preconcentration by CL-7301 resin, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 278, No.1 (2008) 3–8 [9] T. Inui, A. Kosuge, A. Ohbuchi, K. Fujita, Y. Koike, M. Kitano and T. Nakamura, Determination of heavy metals at sub-ppb levels in water by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using a direct introduction technique after preconcentration with an iminodiacetate extraction disk, American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, (2012) 3, 683-692 [10] Y. B. Rao, B. V. V. Ramana, P. G. Raghavan and R. B. Yadav, Determination of uranium in process stream solutions from uranium extraction plant employing energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, J Radioanal Nucl Chem (2012) 294:371–376 [11] S. Dhara, N. L. Misra, S. K. Aggarwal and V. Venugopal, Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence determination of cadmium in uranium matrix using Cd KÃŽ ± line excited by continuum, Spectrochimica Acta Part B 65 (2010) 461 –465 [12] P. Arikan and A. Ozmen, Quantitative analysis of uranium in ore deposit by calibration standardization of XRF, Commun. Fac. Sci. Univ. Ank. Series A2, A3, (1987) V. 36, pp 35-40 [13] P. Murugesan1, S. K. Jain1, M. Kumar, P. K. Tarafder and D. P. S. Rathore, Determination of total concentration of uranium in borehole core samples: comparative studies using differential technique in laser-induced fluorimetry and ICP-OES, Exploration and Research for Atomic Minerals, Vol. 23, 2013, pp. 137-144 [14] J. S. Santos, L. S. G. Texeira, R. G. O. Araujo, A. P. Fernandes, M. G. A. Korn and S. L. C. Ferreira, Optimization of the operating conditions using factorial designs for determination of uranium by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, Micro chemical Journal 97 (2011) 113-117 [15] M. A. Al-Eshaikh, A. N. Kadachi, M. M. Sarfraz, Determination of uranium content in phosphate ores using different measurement techniques, Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2013) [16] M. Chen and L. Q. Ma, Comparison of Three Aqua Regia Digestion Methods for Twenty Florida Soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. (2001) J. 65:491–499 [17] S. V. D. Sluis, Y. Meszaros, W. G. J. Marchee, H. A. Wesselingh and G. M. V. Rosmalen, The digestion of phosphate ore in phosphoric acid, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1987, 26, 2501-2505 [18] F. L. Pantuzzo, J. C. J. Silva, V. S.T. Ciminelli, A fast and accurate microwave-assisted digestion method for arsenic determination in complex mining residues by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Journal of Hazardous Materials 168 (2009) 1636–1638 [19] J. Ivanova, R. Djingova, S. Korhammer and B. Markert , On the microwave digestion of soils and sediments for determination of lanthanides and some toxic and essential elements by inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry, Talanta 54 (2001) 567–574 [20] Brian Lee Francom, X-ray fluorescence instrument calibration, Theory and Application, Department of Physics Brigham Young University-Idaho, December 2008 [21] R. M. Conrey, J. A. Wolff, A. Seyfarth, A. VanHoose, M. Goodman-Elgar, N. Bettencourt, D. Boschmann and K.Werling, Portable XRF Calibration Using Influence Coefficients [22] D. F. Siems, the Determination of 30 Elements in Geological Materials by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, (2000) Open-File Report 00-475

Sonance at a Turning Point

CASE SONANCE AT A TURNING POINT I. Introduction: Problem / General Issue Sonance is a company at a crossroads, long established as the leader in high-end home theatre speakers, it is at an inflection point where it needs to decide whether it wants to be a high-end speaker producer served through customized dealer channels, or a mass market audio systems maker. The past decade has seen the rise of a new competitive threat, the demise of its dealer channel and the emergence of a highly informed and selective customer base which have all served to hurt the company’s prospects.In the early 2000s, when price competition prompted Sonance to increase customer variability through retail channels Sonance sacrificed its brand identity. Having no experience in selling its products directly to end customers, Sonance suffered from its own inexperience of appealing to the new market while at the same alienating its established market. While the company made significant investments in R&D, t hese efforts were never backed by a well-thought analysis of distribution strategy or an understanding of the value of each customer channel.What follows is an analysis of Sonance’s current situation and the articulation of a strategy, that if implemented, is designed to re-establish Sonance position as the leader in the in-wall, home theatre speaker market. II. Situation Analysis In trying to capture the opportunities of the growing consumer electronics market, Sonance’s attempt at expanding into retail ultimately backfired with a decline in revenue from $53mm in 2003 to $47mm in 2004 (almost back to the level of 1999).This situation has brought the company to the edge: with limited funds available, Sonance needs to clearly define its product development and distribution strategy. By entering the mass retail market channel in 2000, Sonance eviscerated its historical base of dealer customers, losing roughly 50% of its dealers in a 5 year period. While overall revenues declined by only 19% during this period, the composition of Sonance’s revenue stream has changed from a +90% concentration in Dealers to less than a 50% concentration in Dealers, with the balance spread between Retail and Production Housing.Due to this shift, Sonance is not only perilously exposed to the cyclical flows of retailing, but also is much more sensitive to the overall performance of each customer, as the loss of the Lowe’s account in 2004 resulted in a 37% decline in mass market revenue. Ultimately, the move to retail puts Sonance in a precarious long-term position as its customers have significant buying power as high volume purchasers.In the future it is likely that mass-market retailers will be able to use their purchasing power to drive down the margins Sonance is able to extract on its sales, and ultimately serve to diminish the dealer channel. The decline of the dealer channel increases Sonance’s long-term risk by locking it out of the market fo r luxury home theatre systems. While the move to retail offset $10 million of the $17 million of revenue lost through normal dealer installations between 1999 and 2004, it is unlikely that any of the $6 million of highend home theater system revenue could be recouped through mass market retail.As luxury customers are less price sensitive and look to dealers to customize their entire installation, Sonance’s move towards the retail model at the expense of the dealers will eventually find it locked out of the lucrative and sticky luxury market altogether. Furthermore, Sonance’s dealer base faces further erosion as its main competitor, SpeakerSoft, has taken advantage of Sonance’s wounded dealer channel by undercutting roughly 25% on price and further incenting custom dealers to choose SpeakerCraft speakers over Sonance Original Series speakers in customer projects.This, combined with the alienation from competing with Sonance’s retail offerings serves to fur ther erode Sonance’s dealer channel as dealers choose lower priced competitor offerings. Paradoxically, as Sonance has developed a mass retail channel at the expense of its dealer network, it is deciding whether to push forward with the development of the Architectural Series of speakers. It would be the first and only truly flush-mount trimless speaker, a true niche product appealing to the less cost sensitive high end, luxury market.This product line, with a manufacturing cost 400% higher than the original series and a complex installation process, requires a viable luxury dealer network in order to succeed in the market. Sonance is also exploring the potential of converting the current Sonance-only iPort device into a universal, detachable dock tailored for all home theatre systems. Moving forward on this plan would be a reaffirmation of the retail play the company began in the early 2000s.With an optimistic price tag of $335, Sonance’s strategy of introducing the p roduct via Target, a discount retailer, appears misguided as the device is more expensive than its competition and even an iPod itself. Furthermore, by entering the market of retail iPod accessories, Sonance is looking to go head to head with many other discount brands. The competition and dynamics of this market are unlike that of the custom home theatre market, and it is expected that Sonance will have challenges adapting and efficiently executing within it. III.Evaluate Available Options / Alternatives The primary choice that Sonance has to make is which product to launch at the coming CEDIA EXPO, either the Architectural Series or the detachable iPort, and as a result, which customer base should they focus their attention on. We evaluated the customer lifetime value (CLV) of Sonance’s different customers as of 2004 based on the information provided in the case and our own assumptions (see Exhibit 1 in the Appendix). Our primary assumptions for this analysis are below:  · Original Series Dealers Price per pair of $140 o Retention Rate of 75%, conservative estimate based on change in number of dealers from 2003 to 2004 (600 to 500) o Growth rate of 5%, below growth in consumer spending due to Dealers’ unhappiness with Sonance o Sales per Customer of 300, assuming 15 projects per dealer per year, with an average of 20 speaker pairs per project  · Original Series Production Builders o Price per pair of $90 o Retention Rate of 50%, below Dealers because of competitive bidding structure for larger scale projects vs. ndividual homes through Dealers o Growth rate of 10%, in-line with new home sales growth o Sales per Customer of 960, assuming 80 projects per Production Builder per year, with an average of 12 speaker pairs per project  · Original Series Mass Retail Market o Price per pair of $120 o Retention Rate of 20%, shares shelf space with all competitors’ products, smaller size projects o Growth rate of 10%, in-line with consumer sp ending o Sales per Customer of 83,333, divided BestBuy 2004 sales ($10 million) by average price per pair  · iPort Dealers Price per iPort of $300 o Retention Rate of 75%, equal to Dealers’ Retention Rate of Original Series speakers o Growth rate of 15%, below iPod growth due to high price, but higher growth than other Sonance products o Sales per Customer of 7, assumes 1 / 3 of Dealers’ annual projects will generate a sale Based on this analysis, we chose launching the Architectural Series and refocusing Sonance on the Dealer channel as our first alternative to evaluate. The CLV’s for this alternative are shown in Exhibit 2.We assume the Architectural Series will be a leading product in the market and will earn a high retention rate among ultra high-end dealers of 90%. Sonance would also be able to initially attract 50% of these niche dealers they had in 1999 (75 vs. 150 previously). Sonance would have the choice in this scenario to price the Architectural Se ries at either $875 per pair, based on the advice of their focus group, or $305, based on the internal marketing group’s recommendation.Our assumptions regarding customer mix for this scenario is that Sonance would drop the mass retail market customer to signal they are focused only on the custom and semi-custom installation markets. In addition, Sonance would consider reducing the price of their Original Series Speakers to the Dealers to $90 from $140. This would improve the Dealers’ gross margin to 75%, equal to SpeakerCraft’s, although the margin net of installation costs would still be lower (see Exhibit 2). These assumptions would lead to an increased Retention Rate through the Dealers sales of Original Series Speakers of 85% and a higher growth rate of 10% vs. %. Sonance would also increase their Retention Rate with Dealers for the existing iPort product to 85% in this scenario. The second alternative we evaluated was to launch the Detachable iPort instead of the Architectural Series and to continue to focus on the Mass Market Retail. The CLV’s for this alternative are shown in Exhibit 3. For the Detachable iPort, we assumed a very low Retention Rate of 5% since Sonance would be entering an already crowded market with a product that is priced at a premium to most of the competition.Sales of the iPort would grow at 40%, lower the growth rate of iPod sales since the Detachable iPort would be priced at the high-end of iPod accessories. We the assumed iPort would penetrate 0. 5% of the iPod sales in 2004 of 22. 5 million. The Dealers would likely be unhappy with Sonance in this scenario so we assumed the Retention Rate at the current price of $140 per pair would decline to 65%. If Sonance were to help mend the relationship by reducing the price to $90 per pair, we assumed a Retention Rate of 75%, with no additional growth.The Retention Rate for the existing iPort product sold through the Dealers would be reduced to 65% since the l aunch of the Detachable iPort would be viewed as undermining their efforts and a lack of commitment to custom installation products. In both scenarios, we assumed no change in our assumptions for Production Builders as this is a market based largely on price and the actions of Sonance in other markets will have little effect on their decisions. Recommendation and Implementation PlanBased on our calculations of customer lifetime value (see figure Exhibit 1), it is clear that dealers and production builders are crucial to our sales of the Original Series product and therefore we should continue to sell through these channels. However, the mass retail market is a less appealing channel through which to sell this product; firstly, the CLV of these customers is much lower than the other two, and more importantly, by selling to these customers we are losing the business of dealers, who are far more important clients.Our recommendation is to eliminate the mass retail channel, and to reduce the price of the Original Series speakers to $90 in order to rebuild the dealer channel. Lastly, we recommend launching the Architectural Series speakers at a price point of (or near) $875 to dealers, rather than focusing efforts on bringing the iPort to the mass market. The Architectural Series speakers are unique and innovative, thus we expect that both dealers and their customers will have a higher willingness to pay for this product as compared to competitor’s existing in-wall speakers.Using this price and estimated sales, we expect to break even in 1 year by selling only 23% of projected annual sales (as compared to 66% under marketing’s suggested price of $305 to dealers – see figure Exhibit 5). Although the 65% margin to dealers is smaller than they could make off competing offers, dealers would be earning far more in absolute terms ($1,425 as compared to $245 under the $305 price – see figure Exhibit 4).The choice to launch the Architectural Seri es is strategically wise from both a quantitative and a qualitative standpoint. First, adapting the iPort to the mass market requires more than double the R&D and Marketing expenses than launching the Architectural Series (see figure Exhibit 5). Although the new iPort model would have a lower cost, the sales required to break even in one year are only slightly higher for the Architectural Series (23% vs. 17%).In addition, the iPort model, even as a detached unit, is only comparable to our competitor’s existing products which are sold for less. The Architectural Series, on the other hand, is truly innovative, and can be successfully sold at a much higher price. It would also position the company as an innovator and boost brand perception. By shifting the focus back to dealers through the Architectural Series and away from the mass market, we can appease these important clients and increase sales of other products (for example, the Original Series speakers).