The Correlation Between Income And Happiness - 1477 Words

A number of publications have presented their analysis on the impact of income on happiness. The results provided in these papers acknowledged that there is a connection between the two. Yet, other factors considered in their studies also say otherwise. Likewise, I wanted to see what these studies have concluded for myself and do my own analysis on the issue. Using data from the 2010-2014 World Values Survey (Wave 6), along with a cross tabulation analysis and Chi-Square Test, I tested the hypothesis that as an individual’s income increases, then their happiness also increases. My crosstabs confirmed this notion, but the previous reports also showed that certain elements can affect income and happiness. INTRODUCTION The correlation between income and happiness has produced numerous studies among the academic community. Prior to delving into the (complicated) discussion of the relationship between income and one’s happiness, I would like to highlight previous studies and findings available on the subject in question. To begin, it has long been assumed that income and happiness are linked. The paper written by Christopher Boyce, Gordon Brown and Simon Moore in 2010 briefly acknowledges this notion, while also providing viable explanations as to why income and happiness are not linked. For instance, according to conventional economics, money can buy happiness for it can be traded for commodities that will increase an individual’s utilityShow MoreRelatedIncome Discrepancy as a Driving Factor for Divorce Essay1175 Words   |  5 Pagescultural values. This paper is going to explore how a difference in income can cause dissatisfaction and eventually, loss of love in a heterosexual marriage in American society. I am also going to explore whether the amount of total income (rich, average, or poor) can increase the odds for divorce. Ben-Shahar’s Happier is a self-help book that aims to aid people in the realization of meaning in their lives and strive for happiness as the ultimate currency. In his book, Ben-Shahar states, â€Å"money –Read Moremoney can buy you happiness Essay767 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Money can buy you happiness. Discuss with references to the theory and some empirical evidence on the issue. The set point theory According to this theory,the individual propensity to happiness is a personal trait of largely genetic origin and influenced by personality.The explanation for the stagnation of happiness is that happiness is a stochastic phenomenon.Chance distributes unequal amounts of happiness among people’s genetic codes ,leaving the average level unchanged. The decreasingRead MoreSubjective Well-Being Essay1316 Words   |  6 Pagesto Freud’s conclusion based on decades of experimentation and theoretical work in the field of psychotherapy, humans cannot be happy because a satisfaction of needs creates only a momentary phase of happiness which expires after some time. Therefore, the focus of life should not be obtaining happiness, and people should focus on avoiding suffering instead (Bullock, n.d.). However, several paradigms about well-being exist, and individual cognitive patterns and paradigms define the emotional responsesRead MoreMoney and Happiness1647 Words   |  7 Pages Running head: MONEY AND HAPPINESS Does An Increase In Wealth Make People, And Countries, Happier? Bishop s University Term paper March 11, 2014 PSY 246B: Social Psychology II Professor Standing Abstract In this paper, the relationship between happiness and money was examined. Does money buy happiness? Three studies were examined in depth to provide an answer to this question. This paper found that people believed that they would be happier if they were richer. It was also found thatRead MoreWealth Envy in Richard Cory, by Edwin Arlington Robinson Essay1408 Words   |  6 Pages Is it possible Richard had the reverse in his mind when he ended his life? Money appears to be a key that unlocks happiness to people on the lower end of the financial spectrum. If that were the case, then those who are well-to-do should be measurably happier. Studies give conflicting evidence as to a possible link between wealth and happiness, but for those with lower incomes it is there. While the issues plaguing the affluent are different, they struggle to be satisfied as well. HumansRead MoreIs Relative Income Rather Than The Income Itself?1719 Words   |  7 Pagesrelative income rather than the income itself. He found that, â€Å"when people are asked to choose between a real income of, say, $75,000 a year in a world where the average income is $37,500 and a real income of $100,000 a year in a world where the average income is $150,000, a majority typically chooses the former†. (Lee) This is caused by humans need to feel superior above others around them. This is one of the main determinants in ranking the level of happiness for people in middle to upper-classRead MoreMath Teachers : Social Emotional Development927 Words   |  4 Pages The R Square statistic in Figure 2.1 is 6.0 percent. A 6 percent R Square means that the two independent variables income inequality and household income account for 6.0 percent variation in consensus among math teachers that the social and emotional development of students is as important as their acquisiti on of knowledge in math classes. A P-value of 1.39E-12 indicates that the probability of the null hypothesis being true is false. Consequently, the results from this regression analysis areRead MoreA Society Of Constant Consumption Of Materialistic Objects1617 Words   |  7 Pagesdecades ago. With the advancement of technology, conveniences like these have been made possible through being able to just charge everything—this has become a national addiction. There is still a magnitude of people who would say money couldn’t buy happiness but the truth is a lot more in depth than that; money does in fact play an essential role in everyone’s overall life gratification. Even though there is that urge and desire for materialistic goods, people are still sometimes caught in the dilemmaRead MoreCorrelation Between Wealth And Happiness1483 Words   |  6 PagesThe Correlation between Wealth and Happiness in Developed and Developing Countries: Is the level of Happiness Equal to Wealth? This is a frequently asked question; How to make life fabulous with happiness ? Plenty of philosophers and social anthropologists have been seeking to answer it but they still can not suggest an obvious solution because various factors affect happiness and these are interacting with each other, thus, these points are not analyzed easily. However, even though analyzing happinessRead MoreHappiness Is A Personal And Multi Dimensional Notion2176 Words   |  9 PagesHappiness is usually expressed as â€Å"the point to which an individual assesses the total worth of his or her existence as a whole positively† (Veenhoven, 1993), and regularly, considered on an ordinal scale of answers to biased questions. Most experimental findings consume various kinds of self-reported ideals on happiness or particular well-being dignified from various scaling methods. Happiness is a personal and multi-dimensional notion – every distinct person depicts it in a diverse way, it is

The One Thing to Do for Course Reflection Essay

The One Thing to Do for Course Reflection Essay Course Reflection Essay and Course Reflection Essay - The Perfect Combination For the reason, Ultius is happy to provide examples of the work that we may produce for you. The beginner's workbook was extremely useful to discover how to look for information utilizing numerous data sources. While you considering whether to purchase essays, it's a superb concept to consider the advantages of utilizing a personalized sample writing service like Ultius. It will showcase the actual thinking procedure and are going to have the sparkle that'll be definitely evaluated by your teacher. Make an outline An outline is a very simple plan showing how you mean to present the review. The next portion of your outline is perhaps the most crucial. Be certain to integrate a number of relevant references from the program content (cite and utilize suitable APA formatting). To provide you with a bit of additional assistance, here is a downloadable reflective essay outline template. Top Course Reflection Essay Secrets Qualities like self-motivation and a truly dedicated work ethic are things which were enhanced as a consequence of me being part of this class. Analysis of several things is quite significant in being a prosperous person. Critical reflection cannot grow to be an integral component in the immediate action procedure but demands a hiatus to reassess one's meaning perspectives and, if needed, to transform them. The way of reflection is most commonly dialogue whereby subjective and objective experience is processed, questioned, and meaning is created of it. Type of Course Reflection Essay In case you have any questions that can contact us via live chat. For this function, it's very critical for our customers to supply the complete and utter information concerning your essay. Instead, take time to thoroughly read through it in order to produce the necessary corrections. Reading samples of response papers is also an additional way by which you can easily learn how to compose a reaction paper to documentary. Before you purchase essays from Ultius, make sure you carefully review other sample essays we've written previously. Writing is among the things which I used to hate the most. Reflection papers are a breeze to write as soon as you get the hang of it. It might be hard to compose a sort of essay for the very first moment. You don't need to be worried about it with our site while buying essays online! If you buy a glance at APA style reflective essay example you are going to understand that its structure is just the very same with t he one described above. At length, be sure that you properly style your prepared essay in the proper citation style. You should come up with an idea based on the way the documentary touched you. For that reason, it's always advised that you watch the documentary more often than once as a way to properly digest it and know what it is about. The absolute most important characteristic of framing the essays is that you've got to be totally specific and personal in your approach. Like every service extended by a company, it's a great concept to trust but verify. The target of our service is satisfying the requirements of the clients, which means your preferences, comments, and instruction will be cautiously followed. You should do the very same for our services. Our model services can certainly offer you a strong advantage in regards to completing your own work.

Only One free essay sample

Gasps sounded and my breath slowly shortened. In the seat next to me, was my mom doing everything she could to seem durable. I, however, was wringing my hands; I was scared. I wasnt sure if it was one of those absolute horror moments, or just pure anxiety rearing its head. I was 16 and felt as if I wanted to sleep forever. As I came close to a place I never wanted to be, the lights blinded me. I never knew red could be such an overpowering color. The sirens roared, causing loss of hearing to everyone within 10 miles. Everything was happening so quickly, all I could hear was mores code. Still not to sure exactly what was going on or if my grandma would be ok, I knew that after tonight my life would transform and there was no turning back. I could write for hours about that one night, during that one summer. We will write a custom essay sample on Only One or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I could write about the fear, the guilt, and the sorrow. I could write about the relationship I formed with one woman who took that journey with me, but what struck me above all else was that tonight could be the end of that journey. I personally considered my grandma a mother. She guided and pursued me my whole life to always be more than possible. It was Mother’s Day of 2011 that my best friend became an angel. To picture something so beautiful hovering over and protecting me, just as she did for 16 years, was a heartwarming thought. Although, losing someone is never a positive thing I did what I could to make the best of it. Everyday passing I realized I had responsibilities I had to take on, places that needed filling. My mom lost her mom, my grandfather lost his wife, and I lost a piece of me, none of those were easy shoes to fill. No one could ever replace such a priceless woman, but l knew I needed to step up. There was many mornings that I would wake up listening to the harmony of my breath, my heart, and the wind in the trees, as they all string together creating a symphony. I continued to try and get answers to my impractical questions. I spoke a lot to the big man above, hoping God could help me cope with the biggest obstacle in my life. I formed a close relationship with my grandpa, understanding how difficult this must be for him as well. Death became my worst enemy after that night; I would speak to death threatening him. â€Å"You took Grandma yesterday, but she was different. I loved Grandma in a way that would bring tears to anybody’s eyes. Why would you take her cruelly in your arms, and stalk past me.† There wasn’t a night that passed that I didn’t attempt a game of 20 questions with death. Despite what negativity death can bring, I eventually lost contact with him and started to talk to life a lot more. I had to do what I could to stay positive, to learn how much of an honor everyday is. People, even I at times worry about things that don’t need to be worried about. Being 17 I realize I am bound to make mistakes, but in the end if I learn form them, I am willing to fall down. Being strong when life gives you ever reason to be weak can feel overbearing, but through positive thoughts and ambitious goals you come to realize that everything that has happened is over, and all you can do is continue. Having a dream is one thing, and making it reality is another. I plan to go to school and make all my dreams come true. Day by day, class after class, I will do what I have to do to be all that I want to be.

Mice of Men Essay Essay Example

Mice of Men Essay Essay By Golda Bhebhe. â€Å"Of Mice and Men. † In the novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men† by John Steinbeck we are introduced to two main characters, George Milton and Lennie Small. These men are close friends who travel together looking for employment in America in the 1930s. Lennie is quite a simple guy who sometimes gets into trouble. Steinbeck uses a range of writing techniques to portray Lennie and we are left at the end feeling very sad that he has had to die. When we first meet Lennie and George we immediately notice that George is the leader and Lennie is slower and seems to await instructions. George is described as a small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, strong feature. It also moves on to say that every part of him was defined: small, strong hands, slender arms, a thin and bony nose. The author creates a very masculine attractive imagine of George by making him look put together and neat with very chiselled bone structure which in society has always been considered very handsome. On the other hand Lennie is described as a huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide, sloping shoulders. This creates a very unattractive look for the character because he seems to be coming of slightly a large untidy man who doesn’t seem to take pride in the way he looks. When the two men first walk into the brush George is leading the way and Lennie is carefully following him. They were walking in single file down the path, and even in the open Lennie stayed behind George. This shows that Lennie is very dependent on George in the way that a child would be. The two men soon move into the wider world of the ranch and here we see how other people react to Lennie. We will write a custom essay sample on Mice of Men Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mice of Men Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mice of Men Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Steinbeck evokes sympathy for Lennie when he shows the way other people react to him. The ranch workers at the start are very inquisitive and some even envious of Lennie George’s relationship. Some are slightly intimidated by Lennie because he is a big guy but they don’t know that he really a child at heart could never hurt anyone intentionally. One of the workers who are especially intimidated by Lennie is Curley. Curley is the boss’s son. He is a thin young man with brown face, with brown eyes and head of tightly curled hair. Curley seems to be intimidated by Lennie because of his large size and him being a small man feels the need to look down on him to make himself feel like a â€Å"big guy† because he knows Lennie can’t do anything because he is in the position of power. â€Å"Curley’s like a lot of little guys. He hates big guys. He’s alla time picking scraps with big guys. Kind of like he’s mad at’em because he aint a big guy. † This shows that Curley has always been jealous of bigger men. So he finds pleasure in bullying Lennie because usually it’s the other way round.

Social Media Editorial Calendar How to Organize Yours (Free Template)

Social Media Editorial Calendar How to Organize Yours (Free Template) Social media editorial calendars are important tools for busy teams. They make it possible to plan posts ahead of time, avoid last-minute fire drills to create content, and keep your workflow organized. Without one, youre left scrambling to keep your social posting schedule full. But, you might have some questions: What exactly is a social media editorial calendar? How can I build one (or is there an app I can use instead)? Where can I find some templates to get started with? Well cover all those questions and more in this post. By the time youre done, youll know: How to get started using free templates and basic knowledge of social strategy. How to plan everything from one-off posts to entire campaigns on one calendar. How to organize effective scheduling workflows around your calendar. In short, your team will have one version of truth they can reference for all things social media marketing. Table of Contents What Is a Social Media Editorial Calendar? Three Social Media Calendar Format Examples Who Uses Social Calendars? What Are The Real Benefits? Download Your Free Social Media Editorial Calendar Template What Makes Up a Good Social Media Calendar? Developing a Social Media Content Strategy Figure Out What Content Works For Which Networks Plan Your Social Media Sharing Schedule Plan Your Social Media Content Creation Workflow Use Social Analytics In Use Data to Optimize Your Calendar Three Tips to Keep Your Calendar FullHow to Effectively Organize Your Social Media Editorial Calendar (Free Template) via @ So, What Is A Social Media Editorial Calendar? Heres the definition well work with: Social media editorial calendars are spreadsheets or apps used to schedule social posts in advance. Theyre also used to plan when and which content will be shared, manage campaigns, and track deadlines. That sounds simple enough, right? Lets look at a few different formats you might use: Printed calendars. The old-school approach. These can be helpful for mapping out content themes and making note of upcoming content and events needing social media promotion. You might keep something like this on your desk or pinned to your cubicle wall. Spreadsheets. Shared spreadsheets are flexible and free. However, they dont allow for automation quite as well as dedicated social media calendar apps and scheduling tools. The most efficient solutions. These apps add a level of automation (plus other powerful features) that spreadsheets cant match. Spreadsheets are workable solutions at first  and are a great option when youre starting out. When you need more power and automation, though, a holistic marketing management platform like (which brings social into focus alongside all other projects and campaigns) is the best option.  As we continue in this post, well show you how to use both. Or schedule a demo today. How to Plan an Effective Social Media Editorial Calendar (Free Templates) via @ Three Social Media Calendar Format Examples So, what do these calendars look like in action? Lets take a look at some examples. Printed Calendar Example Spreadsheet Calendar Example Calendar Example Who Can Use a Social Calendar? Anyone creating social content, whether for a business, media company, or a serious blog, should consider using a calendar. Marketing teams: Marketing campaigns often have a lot of moving parts, including social components. Keeping teams organized and making sure everyone involved in a project understands the social promotion schedule is key. Plus, giving all your marketing departments visibility on whats going out, and when, helps everyone know whats going on and when things need to be finished. Small businesses: Staying organized with a calendar makes it much easier to save time and maintain consistency. This is important for small businesses, where resources are limited. Consultants: If youre managing social media marketing for multiple clients, you probably wish you had an extra set of hands. Unfortunately, medical science hasnt made that possible (yet). But, getting each client organized on their own calendar can help immensely (especially when you add automation). Media companies: If youre creating editorial content, itll need social media promotion. Keep it all together on your calendar. Bloggers: If your blog is your business, you dont have time to waste with dysfunctional tools. Make sure every post gets promoted on your calendar. What Are The Real Benefits? Before you invest the time into building out a completed calendar, you probably want to know what the real benefits are. We believe those benefits can be broken down into four areas: Turning chaos into harmony. Managing multiple social media accounts can turn messy fast. That kind of disorganization will kill your efficiency.  It can also diminish the effectiveness of your social media marketing efforts. Knowing what youll say and when youll say it saves time so you can get other important things done. Holding teams accountable. Calendars are great for setting deadlines. Its easy to procrastinate when deadlines are flexible (or nonexistent).  Laying out a clear plan eliminates excuses for not knowing what content to publish on your social channels. Saving time (that you can use to get real work done). No one ever has enough time. However, planning your social media outreach with a calendar lets you make the most of the time you have. Measurably improving your results. This is the benefit that supersedes all other benefits. After all, efficiency without effectiveness really just  means  doing things poorly, quickly. Using a calendar allows you to schedule your messages for optimal times, increasing the odds theyll get seen. 4 reasons to use a social media calendar: Organization. Accountability. Efficiency. Effectiveness.So, that all sounds great. But, you probably want to see some hard data supporting these claims. did too. In the companys early days, Nathan Ellering, our Head of Demand Generation, gathered data on what happened he used a calendar to schedule multiple social posts promoting a single piece of content. Here are the results: 3,150% increase in clicks. Best of all, theres no reason you cant replicate similar success, too. Start By Downloading Your Free Social Media Editorial Calendar Template This template is built to make scheduling social media posts easy. No matter how many networks youre active on, youll be able to keep everything organized, all in one place. Its a free Excel file that can easily be uploaded to Google Sheets (which we recommend if your calendar will be shared with multiple users). Next, let's walk through each section of your template. 1. The Broad And General Calendar You’ll need an overarching calendar to help you focus on topics that matter to your audience. For content marketers, it would be perfect to schedule your broad topic calendar four to six months out. That  gives you the opportunity to plan new content  based  your audience’s reactions. To build your broad and general calendar, start by downloading the social media calendar bundle included in this post. Then, open up the Social Media Calendar Excel file. You’ll find the â€Å"Broad and General Calendar† section at the top of the first tab: Use the Main Theme row to map out your primary content themes for each month. Then, fill in sub-topics for content you’ll want to create and share that support those themes. You can base your general calendar on the model from  traditional magazines. They  typically  offer these sorts of editorial calendars for an entire year to attract advertisers for specific magazine issues. For example, check out this  editorial calendar example from Forbes. 2. The Content Calendar The content calendar provides a lot more detail. This is when you look at your topics and plan  the actual  content types  best suited to tell your specific stories- blog posts,  e-books, videos, webinars, events, and whathaveyou. Let’s look back at the social media calendar you downloaded from this post. Beneath the Broad and General calendar, you’ll find the Content Calendar. This is where you can map out all the content you’ll create (and later share and promote on social media): At this point, you assign the specific dates on which each piece will publish. Typically, you can work two to three months out with this calendar. Recommended Reading:  The Complete 14-Step Content Strategy That Will Boost Your Results By 434% 3. The  Promotion Calendar The promotion  calendar is your  plan to share all of the content you create. This is when you’ll  schedule your social media messages  and plan your emails, newsletters, and other ways you’ll share your content. Using your Social Media Calendar, click into any of the month tabs along the bottom. Here’s what you’ll see: This is where you’ll create and store all your social media promotion content. Here’s what you should put in each field: Content: This is your social media post copy. Image Link: If your post will have an image or video, upload it to a cloud storage service (such as Google Drive or Dropbox). Then, drop a link to the image here. This will give you easy access to your images when you’re ready to create your posts. URL: If a post will include a link, drop it in here. You can then assign the specific dates when you’ll share each of these messages, which usually takes place immediately after you’re done creating the content you’ll share (but you  can  plan this ahead of schedule with the right tools). What Makes Up A Good Social Media Calendar? It seems like a lot of content marketers  create great content, share it when it goes live, and then they  call it good.  They’re all missing out  on their own 3,150% more click-throughs. Instead of taking this minimalist approach, a great social media calendar maximizes exposure of your content on the social networks  your audience uses- without being spammy. As you plan your content, these eight  things can make or break your social media calendar. 1. Understand Why Your Audience Shares Your Content Once you understand the  psychology of why your audience shares, you can create content in ways that are most likely to  connect with them. This will help you plan awesome content from the get-go, and help you interact- socialize- with your audience using social media. A report from  The New York Times  Customer Insight Group found five major reasons why people share content with their networks: 84% share to support a cause. 78% share to  stay connected with those they know. 69% share to feel involved in the world. 68% share to define  themselves. 49% share for entertainment or to provide valuable content to others. The study also found that 73% of the survey takers shared content to understand the information more thoughtfully. As you can imagine, there are a lot of lessons to learn from this knowledge. As you plan your social media calendar, keep this in mind: Help Them Define Themselves Create content about your different  customer types  and help them self-identify. That will help you, and help them connect with your content. Help Them Connect With Others Imagine the possibilities a forum- or even a larger brand ambassador program- could present for your customers to ask each other questions and learn from one another. You could even start as simple as a  Twitter chat. Recommended Reading:  21 Social Media Engagement Tactics That Will Grow Your Audience Value Them- And Let Them Know It If someone sends you a message, leaves you a comment, responds to a tweet- whatever it is- let them know that you valued their contribution.  Listen  and respond. Help Them Believe In Something Again, let your advocates know you appreciate their respect. They’re your rock stars, and almost  nothing is better than social proof. While some of this is more about creating awesome content in the first place,  this is the backbone on which you’ll build your social media calendar.  But without sharing good content in the first place, why would anyone want to interact with you? Build A Simple Social Media Content Strategy No one likes people who talk only about themselves. Nor does anyone want to be around someone only interested in talking about one topic. The same goes for brands. If you're only pushing your own content, you're unlikely to drive much engagement. The same is true if you're only publishing one type of content.  This is why you need a social media content strategy  to ensure you're sending a balanced content mix. If "content strategy" makes you think "large, boring document," then don't worry. This doesn't have to take a lot of time. You just need to define how much of which types of content you're going to share. Here's an example of what your messaging mix  might look like: Figure Out What Content Works For Specific Social  Networks Some content lends itself better for certain social networks. And- assuming you  know your audience- you’re using specific social media to target your customers. Can you share  your same piece of content  on multiple networks? Yes. Just make sure your social media messages follow these best practices to get the most  traffic. Use Twitter To Share Business Tips And Show A  Little Personality Twitter has become content marketers’ best friend recently. That’s because one of the best ways to use Twitter is to share helpful business tips. And after all, that’s exactly what you’re creating in your content, right? Other content types that work well for sharing are news and things going on behind the scenes to share your business’ passion. Twitter Tip:  Share useful business tips that draw your readers in. Buffer found that  sharing images on Twitter increases retweets by 150%. And when we tested GIFs in tweets recently, we increased clickthroughs by another  166.6% more than static image tweets. So definitely try visuals  in your tweets to see if that will make a difference. Track Social also found data to support that  70–100 characters is the ideal length for tweetsto get retweets. Imagine that: Just enough context to know what you’re sharing with enough room for them to add their own individual thoughts. Twitter Tip:  Share visual content on Twitter with a 70–100-character message. Facebook Is For Entertainment Facebook wants your useful and entertaining content- the kind that people can share with their friends and family no matter their background. Industry  blah  content  just doesn’t work on Facebook. Facebook Tip:  Share entertaining content. Think of quizzes that are fun to take or comment on- and then you also get some cool data. Or think of storytelling and how inspirational or emotional stories seem to light up your newsfeed. Facebook posts with less than 100 characters typically perform the best. Combine this with  images and videos, and your posts  will be even more likely to increase your engagement. Here’s a good inspirational example from Ford Motor Company: Welcome to the Driver's Seat Women in Saudi Arabia will soon be free to take the wheel. Welcome to the driver’s seat. Posted by Ford Motor Company on Thursday, March 8, 2018 Facebook Tip:  Share visual content on Facebook with a message less than 100 characters long. Use LinkedIn To Share Your Business And Industry News I’m  not talking cheesy press releases here that are all about you. I’m  talking about valuable information like business case studies, how-to posts- examples of how to grow professionally as a person and business in your niche. Remember that people use social media to define themselves and build relationships? LinkedIn is exactly that for professionals. LinkedIn Tip:  Share content that helps your audience grow professionally. Images on LinkedIn  get 98% more comments  than posts without images. And apparently, video links to YouTube result in a  75% higher share rate. Combine those visuals with shorter messages- questions, demands, or helpful takeaways you personally learned- and you’ll get some interaction with your content. LinkedIn Tip:  Share posts with images and short messages about why your audience should engage with your content. Google+ Combines Personal And Professional Content Google+ is kind of a grab bag between personal and professional. In your private circle, you can share pics of your kids, and in your public circle, you can share your professional content. But there are exciting opportunities with Google+ from a business perspective. Share your helpful content here like you might on LinkedIn. Imagine how-to videos, helpful GIFs to use your product, and other support content. Early research found that Google+ content  is slightly tech-driven, so your straightforward content on doing  something better may be your best bet. Google+ Tip:  Share technical how-to content like videos, GIFs, and blog posts. For Google+ posts, differentiate your content with  longer rich  text snippets. Long-form posts for Google+ help you stand out for your audience- and you’ll capitalize on the network’s natural SEO juice. Pare down your introduction and pick two or three of your big ideas to share. Google+ Tip:  Use rich text to create paragraphs and mark up your text (bold, etc.). Try longer content to see what your audience will appreciate. The Only Way To Use Pinterest Is With Awesome Visuals The only way to use Pinterest really well is to share extremely awesome visual content. Think of small info-images, infographics, comics, custom photography, and memes. Pinterest Tip:  Brainstorm the best ways to connect with your audience visually and explore those media types. Don’t get stuck on one if it’s not working. Pinterest has an audience that’s looking for fun, how-to content that looks†¦ well†¦ awesome. Here’s an example of one our own boards: It’s no secret that Pinterest is dominated by women users too- 80% of their entire user base- so if that’s your target audience, this may be a great platform for you. Some of the best content on Pinterest involves  fashion, recipes, and DIY. Pinterest Tip:  Don’t even try Pinterest unless you have awesome visual content. Plan how you’ll do that before you just jump in. Plan Your Social Media Sharing Schedule In order to make the most out of your calendar, it helps to have a grasp on basic social media marketing mechanics. Know Your Post Frequency Targets There's a lot of discussion around how often you should post on each social network. Here is what we recommend as a starting point: Don't take these numbers as  gospel. If these numbers aren't getting you results, then mix it up. Test until you find out what works best for you. Recommended Reading: How Often to Post on Social Media? Proven Research from 14 Studies. Know The Best Times To Post On Each Network There is some debate about the best times to post on various social media networks. Fortunately, we've crunched the data from tons of different studies, and here's what we found: Plan Your Social Media Content Creation Workflow Now, let's explore how to use the calendar step-by-step. Follow along to plan out an entire social media marketing workflow for your team (or yourself), all based around your calendar. Step 1: Determine What You'll Be Creating Or Sharing Let's begin with a hypothetical social media campaign. Maybe you're promoting: A blog post or article A landing page An event A contest A brand or product, in general Whatever the case may be, knowing what you'll be promoting, creating, or sharing is likely where your process will start. Recommended Reading: How to Generate Better Social Media Campaign Ideas Like a Creative Genius Step 2: Write Your Post Copy As our own Nathan Ellering recently said on our blog: Think of each message as a  call to action: Sell your followers on the value they’ll get if they just click through to read your blog post. Or make them question a current belief with the promise of a better solution to a problem. Or make them feel like they’re missing out on something amazing. In short, words have power. Wield them intentionally to invoke the emotional response you want. Getting this right is key to driving engagement and traffic. So, what are some of the specific types of messaging that you can try out? Questions. Close-ended questions drive more clickthroughs. However, open-ended questions may drive more engagement (since you're asking for a response). Benefits. Hint at what's in it for your audience to click through on your link. FOMO. Otherwise known as "the fear of missing out."  This angle can work well if  you're giving your audience a deadline to act. Stats. Numbers that seem hard-to-believe (but are accurate) can be a great way to stoke interest. Facts. Again, the harder to believe, the better. Controversy. This doesn't mean to be offensive. It means don't be afraid of questioning status quo. If you have a contrary opinion on a topic, put it out there. You just might spark a discussion that changes what folks consider common wisdom (which isn't always wise)Wield your words intentionally to invoke the emotional response that you want.If you don't want to write your posts directly into your spreadsheet, use in a word processor (Word, Google Docs, or anything else you prefer will work). Lay out your document like this: Network: [INSERT NETWORK] Post 1 Copy: [ENTER POST] Post 1 Image: [INSERT IMAGE DIRECTION] Post 1 Link: [INSERT URL] Post 2 Copy: [ENTER POST] Post 2 Image: [INSERT IMAGE DIRECTION] Post 2 Link: [INSERT URL] Continue until you've completed a full campaign's worth of posts. To make sure each post is the best it can be before publishing, run your copy through the  Social Media Optimizer: To use the social message optimizer, start by typing in your post copy: Select  Score My Message, and your score for each social channel will appear. For a more detailed breakdown, scroll along the top bar to switch between channels: Scroll down for more detailed analysis. You'll find tips to improve your post, including recommendations for character counts, hashtags, emotional sentiment, and emojis: You'll also get guidance on the optimal time to post: Best of all, it's totally free. Try it yourself here. Recommended Reading: How to Write for Social Media to Create the Best Posts Step 3: Hand Off Your Campaign for Design Next, hand off your image ideas to your designer. You'll likely need to discuss your ideas with them and get their creative input before they begin design. For the sake of example, let's say this is an image we'll use for our campaign: Now that you've got a graphic, upload them to a folder in a cloud-based storage service of your choice (Google Drive, Dropbox, or any other option). Give the folder a name specific to this campaign: Then, upload your image: Do this for each photo in your campaign. That way, you'll have easy access to all your campaign's assets when you're ready to post them. Recommended Reading: How to Make the Best Social Media Images the Easy Way Step 4: Add All Your Campaign Content Onto Your Calendar Now, you have all the content for your campaign ready. It's time to place it all on the calendar. Start by pasting in your post copy: Then, grab  the URL for the image from your image storage service and paste that in, too. If you're using Google Drive, click the Get Shareable Link button below: Then, paste the link from the popup into your calendar: Next, add your URL: Finally, add in the time for your post: Repeat as necessary until you've entered all your content. Follow this same process for every post you create. Tip: Use the text wrap settings in Google Sheets or Excel to control how content fills each cell in your calendar: Alternately, you can do this all in , too.  First, go to your calendar, click the  + icon and select  Social Message: Select the social channel you want to post to and compose your message: Schedule your post using either Best Time Scheduling, or manually schedule your time: Step 5: Measure Your Results Once you start using your calendar, you'll want to see results, right? One way to do that is to measure referral traffic to your blog or website using Google Analytics. On the first tab of the calendar template included in this post, you'll see this link to a Custom Report template for Google Analytics: Copy and paste this URL into your browser. Next, you'll see a screen that looks like this: Under Select A View, choose which site associated with a Google Analytics account you'd like to use. Then, you'll see your free social media traffic dashboard: Next, copy the link to your new Google Analytics dashboard, and paste it over the original link to the template: Now, you have quick access to your social media performance, direct from your calendar. Recommended Reading: How to Use Social Media Analytics to Create the Best Content Or, Use Social Analytics in To automate your social media measurement, consider using Social Analytics in . You can track engagement rates, post-level performance metrics, compare campaigns side-by-side, and more (with exportable reports, too): Use That Data to Optimize Your Calendar When it comes to art and design, taste is often subjective. Data, however, isn't (although your interpretation of it might be). The key to getting the best results from your social media content is to bring the head (data) and heart (visual and verbal creative) together.  This means testing, tweaking, and adjusting to get the best results.

Superfeet Insoles Ergonomic Product Review

Superfeet Insoles Ergonomic Product Review The Superfeet are premium footbed replacements, or insoles, for your shoes. Most shoes, even the really good ones, do not have a good, ergonomic footbed. It is usually just a shaped piece of padding that covers the construction of the sole. Superfeet changes that. The Superfeet Insoles are designed to replace the insole that comes with your shoe, and at the same time improve it. It provides positive support for your feet. And your feet then pass the benefit up the body easing the strain on the legs, h0ips, and back. Why is it Different? Superfeet is different from most insoles because they are firm, not soft and cushy. And that makes a world of difference. A pillow is nice to lay on when you are relaxing. It is not that nice to walk on. So why would you put a pillow inside your shoe? Instead, the Superfeet provide firm arch support and a deep heel cup. The arch support helps keep the stress on the foot even over the entire foot and transition that force up through the body. The heel cup (and other support formations on the insole) help correct your heel strike when you walk. A good heel strike improves your balance and eases the stress on your legs, hips, and back. Does it Deliver? Looking at them you might not think the Superfeet are anything special, but they deliver in spades. The support they provide makes everything feel better, whether you are hiking on rocks or standing on concrete all day. It took me a few weeks to get used to them. In fact, my feet hurt worse for a while. Particularly the insides of the joint for my big toes. The insoles corrected my stride, part of which was how I pushed off with the balls of my feet. I was unaccustomed to pushing off like that and it hurt for a little while. But at the same time, the pain in my lower back and calves went away. Issues like that are bound to happen while adjusting to a new foot strike. That is one of the reasons why Superfeet comes with a 60-day return policy. They helped me so much that I got some for my dad who has similar problems to me. They stopped him from shuffling and his stride is a good eight inches longer with the Superfeet insoles. Beneficiaries If you wear shoes you can benefit from the Superfeet. If you have foot, leg, hip or back problems you can probably benefit from the Superfeet Insoles. Superfeet offers a number of styles customized to various activities to increase the benefit they provide. Some groups that will benefit from these tools are: Walkers/HikersStation/Assembly WorkersCyclistsSkatersBipedal Mammals Summary Superfeet insoles are one of the best insoles on the market. If you wear shoes then these are must have ergonomic accessories. Try them for 60 days and you will not walk without them.

PERSONAL STATEMENT FOR UNI IN THE UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PERSONAL STATEMENT FOR UNI IN THE UK - Essay Example I have had my education in different countries such as Emirates International School in Dubai, British School Of Muscat in Oman; SABIS in Lebanon, and Brooklands Collage, Weybridge in UK. I have achieved the ability to speak fluent languages both oral and written. The languages are English and Arabic. I also understand little Armenian and French. In addition to education and employment, I am involved in extracurricular activities such as basketball and football. I was a team captain of the basketball team. I have also had an opportunity to work with The Royal family of Kuwait as a Personal Assistance in London. This has been of great benefit to understand the business concepts and political influence in the international environment. In 2008, I had a chance to work with ATV Mechanic, Yamaha in Muscat, Oman. I have also had an opportunity to work in a hospitality industry as a waiter. I am an independent individual and self motivated and dedicated to my studies. I have been eager to learn new things since I was 10 years. I have been able to work hard in my academic level to be able to contribute to developing the society. My education in Brooklands Collage has benefited me with knowledge of the UK political system and the desire to contribute to in real life activities. During my years in collage, I have taken part in social and economic conferences. I have been able to contribute and share ideas on the current affairs in both the political and economic aspect. Politics and economics has been an obsession of mine from the time when I was 13 years. My insight of politics and economics grew when I had the opportunity to travel to some parts of the world. I have come to understand that the world is not a compilation of state but it is a society that is diverse from the culture and beliefs (Frantzich et al. 2009, p.109). The economic recession

Current issue in financial reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Current issue in financial reporting - Essay Example There are different types of financial statements that are critical in governance and businesses, the most important goal is to manage, control and account for any amount of money that accrue from the business (Alexander & Britton 2014). Financial statements refer to chronological and formal records of business or operational activities of a person, business entity or government departments (Ernst & Young 2014). There are three core financial reports that form an integral part in the financial reporting. Firstly, balance sheet, this settlement gives an organization report on its assets, liabilities and ownership equity at any given time. The goal of this record is to ensure that the management follows systematically the companys state of affairs in managing capital, assets and addressing its liabilities2. It is an integral tool that allows detecting any abnormality in balancing assets and liability and allows for prudent decision-making (Alexander & Britton 2014). It simply shows the financial position of a business in modern accounting practice. Secondly, is the income statement, the purpose of this financial report is to give a comprehensive statement on the revenue collection and expenses? As the number one consideration in financial reporting, it should be prepared within the stipulated time, comprehensive, relevant and reliable. The income statement has an immense importance to stakeholders, managers and government for various purposes. It allows for actual valuation of the businesses (Ishmael 2012). Thirdly, the statement of cash flow is an important accounting, reporting that characterizes the current financial accounting system. It allows managers to know how cash flows within and outside organization (Dunn & Stewart 2014). The two critical uses of this report are accountability of cash within and outside organization3. Secondly, it allows tracing which department consumes more operating costs and more importantly, informs on

Health and Social Care Level 3 Essay Example for Free

Health and Social Care Level 3 Essay Objectives: All learners should be able to define basis of discrimination. All learners should be able to explain basis of discrimination Most learners should be able to demonstrate discriminatory practice Some learners should be able to describe effects of discriminatory practice. Basis of discriminatory Culture A person’s culture is important to them and identifies who they are in the world. In health and social care profession, respecting a person’s culture is important for all concerned. It also important to health and social care professionals because they see the benefits of their care value base which underlines respecting and individual’s culture Disability In health and social care you will work or support people with various disability. This disability Act status it unlawful to discriminate against someone has disability. Are covered include: employment, access to goods, facilities and services of organisation, education etc. Age Age discrimination happens when someone is treated unfavourably because of their age without justification or harassed because of their age. Controversies regarding dispensing of expensive drugs to older people because of shorter life expectancy. Denying a person a drug is illegal. Social class Our social class is apparent from where we live. The higher the class the better place is kept and maintained. The poor are more likely to get cancer than the rich and their chances of survival are poor. Human rights emphasises that everyone should be treated equally and with dignity no matter of their circumstances. Gender A person cannot be discriminated because of their gender. Health and social service should not discriminate unfairly due to a person’s gender. Equality rights of access, health and social care rights must be adhered to. Sexuality Sexual orientation can be referring to a person who is attracted to another person of the same sex. E.g. gay and lesbian. Discrimination against someone due to their sexual orientations against the law. Health status Taking into account the cost of treatment and the expected quality of life after treatment and overall life expectancy, people taking these decisions should always keep their own assumptions and prejudices. Family status This is lead to a variety of discriminations: against gay/lesbian parents, single parents, parents of different genders, parents from different race with mix race children and other family grouping

Poetry Comparison on The Flea and To His Coy Mistress Essay -- Papers

Poetry Comparison on The Flea and To His Coy Mistress I would firstly like to begin on 'The Flea'. This poem is about a man that is trying to persuade a woman to have sex with him, by symbolically using a flea. The content of the poem is very much the same throughout the whole of the poem. In the first stanza, the poet is basically talking about how the flea represents their coming together and in the last two stanza's the poet tries to then persuade the woman to have sex by using different tactic's like guilt etc. To the end of the second stanza the woman whom is being seduced, kills the flea and is clearly stating that she will not go to bed with the poet. Following this he tries to tell her that it is cruel and unjust and a sin against God, and what she has done is wrong and there is also nothing wrong with sex before marriage. The poem is set in the 17th century and I think the poet feels very strongly about what he is saying, and takes it very seriously. I also think that the poem works very well with its comparison to the flea, and I think that the author has been very clever in what he has said. Secondly, I would like to talk about 'To his Coy Mistress'. This poem is very much the same as 'The Flea' and has many similarities. Again the poem is based upon a man trying to get a woman to go to bed with him, and is too set in the 17th century. The poem is split into three stanzas and each of them differs from the next, although still trying to get across the same message. In the first verse the poet is trying to flatter the woman by using complimentary language and words such as, "a hundred years should go to pra... ...s he proves to be less than adequate ' shimmying in & out every other day as though he owned the place'. He shows interest in only one thing and expects her to do all the work and 'weave the means of her own escape'. She is patient and encouraging at first, holding out hope that she might be able to guide him towards something at least a little closer to her idea of what a man should be like. However, he fails completely in this respect and she ends up speechless with frustration and tears herself in two. I think all in all when love is concerned in poetry nowadays it is a bit of a mockery and no one ever takes it that seriously. People think that love is something to be laughed at and never something to be admired. So I think love poems have changed a lot, although there are still some poets who have the right idea.

Cause and Effects of Water Pollution Essay

Water Quality is very much in the news these days and it is also a growing public concern. Water is one of the most important resources on the planet and affects nearly every aspect of life. The Great Lakes watershed contains a large percentage of the world’s fresh surface water. The Lakes support the water needs, and jobs of millions of people and poor water quality is an increasing frustration. Description: Lake Huron is the second largest of the Great Lakes and the fifth largest in the world, with the most irregular shape of any of the Great Lakes. Even its largest island, Manitoulin, is wider than the State of Rhode Island, and has five small lakes of its own. The lake is connected with its neighbor, nearly same-sized L. Michigan, only by a narrow straight called the Straights of Mackinac, which is spanned by an 8 km-long bridge, the Mighty Mac. (International Lake Environment Committee) Water pollution is defined as a change in the chemical, physical and biological health of a waterway due to human activity. Unfortunately, this definition applies to the waters of Lake Huron and has had a negative impact on the people who use and rely on this body of water. (Study mode 04, 2012) Although there are many causes of Lake Huron’s pollution, most fall under three categories: 1) Point-source pollution; 2) Nonpoint-source pollution; and 3) Air pollution. Point-source pollution refers to mercury, fecal matter, and sewage, from treatment plants or industrial facilities, being dumped into the Lake. Nonpoint-source pollution refers to runoff of polluted water from crops or lawns which contain contaminants. These contaminants may be oil, sand, and salt from roadways, agricultural chemicals, and nutrients and toxic materials from urban or rural areas (The Lake Huron Centre for Coastal Conservation, 1998-2012). There are many different causes for the pollution in Lake Huron. Some pollutants found include chemicals and metals, nutrient enrichment, pathogens and bacteria, and calefaction. (Cause and Effect of the Pollution of Lake Huron. Anti Essays. Retrieved February 21, 2013) Most of these pollutants come from urban areas. As populations grow, so does the amount of urban areas. The urban areas are constructed with a lot of impermeable materials used to lay roads and build houses. With impermeable materials covering most of the ground, there is no place for rain water to sink in. All the rain water, along with all the chemicals it washes away, runs off in a gutter system. This in turn flows into a stream or the lake itself. This type of runoff includes chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides and suspended solids. (Cause and Effect of the Pollution of Lake Huron. Anti Essays. Retrieved February 21, 2013) www.lakescientist.com Effects of water pollution: Water pollution affects the health of the waterway, the health of the organisms living in and around the waterway, and, eventually, the health of humans. The effects of water pollution can range from aquatic deformities to contaminated fish to â€Å"dead† lakes. Thewatchers.adorraeli.com/2011/10/31 www.lakescientist.com/2011/lake-huron-salmon-fish Microbial contamination Pathogens refer to bacterial organisms (microbes) typically found in the intestinal tracts of mammals, capable of producing disease. Sources of nutrients include municipal wastewater treatment plants, septic systems, and agricultural runoff. Areas of Lake Huron where pathogens are of concern are Saginaw Bay, Severn Sound, and the southeastern shore of the Lake Huron Basin. Effects of pathogens in these regions have included localized beach closings due to E. coli contamination. (Human Health and the Great Lakes April 29, 2003) Chemical contamination Contaminants to Lake Huron originate from a number of sources, including industrial and municipal discharges, spills, landfills, storm sewers, and agricultural runoff. Contaminants enter Lake Huron through a variety of pathways including direct discharges, atmospheric deposition, and tributary discharge. In comparison to Lakes Michigan, Erie and Ontario, contaminant concentrations are relatively low in Lake Huron. Nevertheless, public health advisories exist regarding consumption of trout from the open lake and all Areas of Concern. (Human Health and the Great Lakes April 29, 2003) www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/june2008 Economic Cope Zone Definition: Zone A – Water level regimes that are acceptable and within the tolerance and expectations of a sector. Acceptable levels may vary by sector and location, but are generally within the historical range and not at the extremes. Minimal economic impact. ïÆ'ËœZone B – Water level regimes at which stakeholders can cope under existing policies and infrastructure, but conditions are less than ideal. Stakeholders may suffer negative impacts and may incur additional costs to minimize impacts in this zone. Marginal conditions but generally survivable. Moderate economic impact – short to moderate term. ïÆ'ËœZone C – Water level regimes at which stakeholders can’t cope using existing policies and infrastructure. Sustainability is threatened – for example: marinas to go out of business, commercial shipping is severely curtailed, coastal properties are destroyed, significant damage to infrastructure. Severe economic impact – long-term permanent lo ss. www.glisaclimate.org/wiki/hrwc-economics-impacts. Sources: World Wide Web: http://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/211875.html The Lake Huron Centre for Coastal Conservation, 1998-2012. www.lakehuron.on.ca Human Health and the Great Lakes http://www.great-lakes.net

Frog Heart Lab, Animal Physiology

Chemical and Environmental Effects on the Heart Introduction The heart is the centerpiece of the circulatory system, its muscular contractions allow for the timely delivery of essential gases and nutrients to virtually all cells of the body. The pressure created by the heart also plays a vital role in eliminating wastes through organs such as the kidney, thus the heart delivers and helps maintain nutrient and waste composition throughout the body. The heart, like all muscle cells, releases ionic calcium when stimulated which binds to troponin which in turn causes tropomyosin to uncover the myosin-actin binding sites on the muscle.Temperature has effects on the metabolism and activity of all cells. Warmer temperatures increase the kinetic energy of molecules in cells, providing more energy which allows metabolic processes to proceed more quickly. Cooler temperatures, on the other hand, decrease molecular kinetic energy and cause slower metabolic rates in cells and tissues, hence when a bear hibernates, its body temperature is some degree lower than it is during the bear’s active periods.The heart is also susceptible to certain molecules for which are able to bind to its receptors or diffuse across its membrane and affect intracellular activity and consequently have effects on the overall homeostatic condition of the organism. The Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) acts as the pacemaker of the heart by providing a small, autorhythmic electrical pulses that travel to the atrioventriclar node (AV node) and through the Bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers through gap junctions at the intercalated disks which stimulate the cells of the heart to contract via calcium release.This contraction is similar to a neuron in the sense that a threshold stimulus is needed to cause a contraction, a refractory period follows contraction at which time a new contraction cannot occur. Drugs that have an effect on the tissues of the heart, especially those where the SA Node resides can hav e an effect on the frequency and strength of muscular contraction via causing a stimulus to occur and lowering the threshold needed to cause a contraction. The heart is under both nervous and hormonal control.The brain is constantly receiving information from the body such as pH, CO2 levels, and many others that the hypothalamus and medulla play a role in translating and reacting to via the release of hormones such as epinephrine which affects the SA node, either by stimulating or inhibiting contraction rate. Removal of the heart from the body would result in eventual cessation of beating as these sources are depleted from the immediate environment, not to mention the absence of the appropriate ion levels needed to maintain resting cellular electrochemical gradients.All of the aforementioned aspects of heart control coordinate with Starling’s Law of the Heart, which relates to stroke volume, contractions strength, and frequency of heart contraction. This paper is interested i n investigating what the effects of the alteration of temperature, chemical environments, and physical obtrusion have upon the strength and frequency of cardiac muscle contractions. Decreasing the temperature of the heart’s environment should hypothetically result in a decrease in both frequency and strength of contractions due to the decreased ability of calcium ion channels to open and cause contraction.Various chemicals such as epinephrine and calcium ion solutions should correlate to both and increase in frequency and strength of the resultant contractions due to direct effects on the hearts mode of activation (SA node stimulus) and increasing the levels of available calcium needed to cause a contraction. Other chemicals such as Atropine should indirectly increase heart rate via the blocking of the effects of the parasympathetic system resulting in a predomination of sympathetic activity.Acetylcholine, which acts on the muscarinic receptors of the heart, should display in hibitory effects on the heart by decreasing available cAMP levels, which results in fewer phosphorylated Protein Kinases which are needed to open the calcium channels which result in contractions of all muscles of the body. Additionally, chemicals such as nicotine should have little to no effect on the effects of muscle contraction due to lack of receptors on the heart for such substrates as well as lack of nicotinic receptors on any body tissues that indirectly affect heart rate such as the brain.Methods Procedure 1: The Heart Rate The dissected frog, whose heart was left attached and embedded in the frog, was connected to a string at the most basal aspect of the heart, and wrapped around an electrical stress sensor located 15cm above the heart to detect changes in pressure on the apparatus caused by heart contractions. Unless otherwise stated, all subsequent procedures will have the same setup to minimize variability in the results obtained. The resting heartbeat was then recorded via the described instrumentation. Procedure 2: Effects of Cold TemperatureInitially, 10mL of room temperature Ringer’s solution was applied directly to the heart and allowed to contract freely for 15 seconds. The data obtained from the contractions was recorded. The heart was allowed 1 minute to recover from exposure to the solution. Next, 10mL of chilled Ringer's solution was applied directly to the heart and allowed to contract freely for 15 seconds. This data was recorded. Procedure 3: Effects of Drugs Thirty seconds of normal heart contractions were recorded at which time 2mL of epinephrine was dropped onto the heart itself.Contractions were allowed to proceed for 60 seconds during which time data was recorded. Following exposure to epinephrine, the heart was allowed to return to its resting state determined in procedure 1. This same procedure was repeated with the following chemicals: 1) Acetylcholine, 2) Atropine, 3) Calcium solution, 4) Nicotine solution, and 5) Caff eine solution. Procedure 4: The Refractory Period of the Heart Resting heart contractions were recorded for thirty seconds until the heart rate was less than 60 beats per minute. A stimulator electrode to be used was set to the following states: Amplitude of 4. 0 Volts, a stimulus delay of 50ms, stimulus duration of 10ms, a frequency of 1. 0Hz, and a pulse number of 30. The electrode was then placed in direct contact with the heart for 30 seconds at which time the data was observed and recorded. Procedure 5: Effects of a Ligature on the Heart A 30cm piece of thread was placed around the heart at the Atrioventricular groove (AV groove) and tied in a knot but left loose so as to not interrupt the normal function of the heart. The heart was allowed to beat for about 15 seconds with no pressure.After 15 seconds the knot was slowly tightened while taking care to stay on the AV groove while tightening. Data was observed and recorded. Results Procedure 1: The Heart Rate This experiment was carried out as noted about in Procedure 1. The resting heart rate was established and used as a baseline value from which to compare all future deviations. While data could not be exported from the computer to be definitively known, the relative rate and strength of the contractions were noted on a visual basis from which to compare the following experiments.Procedure 2: Effects of Cold Temperature As noted above in Procedure 1, technical data could not be obtained from this experiment and visual analysis had to suffice for data. Upon addition of room temperature Ringer’s solution, no notable change in contraction strength or frequency could be noted. Time was allowed for the heart to recover from the effects of the initial exposure. The application of cold Ringer’s solution resulted in a clear and observable slowing of the heart rate, though no change in strength of the contractions could be detected.Procedure 3: Effects of Drugs Upon addition of epinephrine directly to the heart, the contraction rate showed a considerable increase in frequency. The strength or magnitude of each contraction also significantly increased as the heart actually was lifting itself off of its resting place. Exposure of the heart to acetylcholine had clear effect on the heart as well. A substantial decrease in heart rate was noticed upon exposure; however the magnitude of contraction seemed to remain somewhat constant.Addition of Atropine to the heart resulted in an increase in heart rate. The magnitude of each contraction showed a minor, but noticeable, increase in strength. A calcium solution was applied to the heart and showed a mild increase in contraction rate with the magnitude of each contraction seemingly remaining constant. The addition of both nicotine and caffeine had negligible effects on the rate or strength of heart contraction. Table [ 1 ]. Applied Chemical and Its Effect on Heart Contraction Rate and Strength Chemical| Heart Rate| Contraction Strength| Normal Ringers| Control Rate| Control Magnitude| Cold Ringers| Decrease| No change| Epinephrine| Increase| Increase| Acetylcholine| Decrease| Slight Decrease| Atropine| Increase| Increase| Calcium solution| Increase| No change| Caffeine| No change| No change| Nicotine| No change| No change| Procedure 4: The Refractory Period of the Heart Upon exposure to a mild electric current, the heart rate was altered from the normal resting heart rate. While it definitely slowed, the contractions were sporadic at best.The heart lost its regularity and showed random contraction intervals, some ranging shorter than normal while others had greater time gaps between contractions. Procedure 5: Effects of a Ligature on the Heart After the knot had been tied around the AV groove, no noticeable alterations were noticed to heart contraction. Upon tightening of the thread however, the heart appeared in clear distress. Beat irregularities ensued with an increase in magnitude of each pulse. The heart cease d functioning before the allotted time period had elapsed.Discussion Procedure 1: The Heart Rate The resting heart rate of the frog was perfectly normal. Steady, rhythmic contractions around 60 beats per minute were observed and used as a baseline for other experiments. The frog appeared healthy, showing no signs of beat irregularities or any other defects that may have impacted the experiment’s validity. Procedure 2: Effects of Cold Temperature The slowing of the heart in the presence of chilled Ringer’s solution was to be expected.All metabolic processes decrease in all cells upon exposure to cold due to the nature of chemical interactions. In the case of the frog heart, the cold solution probably decreased the rate at which calcium channels were able to open and thus, decrease the rate at which contractions were likely to occur since calcium entry to the cytosol initiates the cascade of reactions that leads to muscle contraction. Thus, the experimental hypothesis wa s correct given that the rate at which the heart contracted decreased and the magnitude of each contraction also lowered.Procedure 3: Effects of Drugs Exposure to epinephrine increased both the rate and strength of each muscular contraction as was expected. The heart contains many adrenergic receptors which are responsive to epinephrine, especially near the SA node, which initiates the contractions of the heart. Epinephrine acts to increase the release time of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via a cascade of reactions. The fact that epinephrine had a positive impact on the heart indicates that the heart was healthy and responsive to normal physiological chemicals and pathways.Addition of acetylcholine predictably lowered the heart rate of the frog. Acetylcholine blocks the cAMP cascade pathway that ultimately leads to calcium release, thus the frequency at which calcium is released is lowered and as a result, the contraction rate follows suit and lowers as well which is what you would expect from a fully functional heart. This part of the experiment was a success. The presence of Atropine, a parasympathetic system inhibitor, acted appropriately and increased the heart rate of the frog.The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system act antagonistically to one another and as a result, decreased activity in one serves to act as if an increase in the other had occurred. Addition of Atropine, in effect, should have had similar effects as the addition of epinephrine which it did. Exposure resulted in an increase in the rate of contraction and a mild but noticeable increase in the strength of contraction compared to the resting heart rate and magnitude which was what the response was predicted to have been.Neither caffeine nor nicotine had any visual effect on the hearts rate or strength of contraction. This was expected as both of these chemicals exert their effects by activating the release of neurotransmitters and hormones in the hypothalamus, specific ally epinephrine, which then affects the heart. Because these tested chemicals were applied directly to the heart and not placed in the bloodstream where they could produce an indirect effect, it is reasonable that no effect was noticed from the heart upon exposure to these chemicals. Procedure 4: The Refractory Period of the Heart The SA node is the pacemaker of heart.It is produces electrical currents that travel to the AV node and through the Bundles of His and the Purkinje fibers and stimulates the cells of the atrium and ventricles to contract. This is electrical conduction that is carried through gap junction of the intercalated disks separating heart cells and thus it is reasonable to infer that applying an electric current directly to the heart would interfere with the steady, rhythmic contractions normally observed in a healthy, undisturbed heart. Accordingly, as we applied a current to the heart, the cyclic contractions of the heart became erratic and unpredictable.No stea dy pattern was detectable in the muscular contractions. Some had longer periods between contractions while others had shorter time gaps between beats. This was expected as the heart would be receiving constant signals to contract along with the rhythmic electrical signals from the SA node itself and would result in interference and overlap of contraction signals which is exactly what was observed. This leads us to believe that both the electrical apparatus and the heart were working exactly as designed. Procedure 5: Effects of a Ligature on the HeartAfter placing the thread around the AV groove and tightening, the heart was clearly under a great deal of strength. Both the anterior and posterior segments of the heart swelled considerably, no doubt as a result of restriction of blood flow and buildup of pressure within the atriums and ventricles themselves. The AV node is a particularly sensitive portion of the heart to constriction as blood flow through the heart itself occurs at thi s junction. The heart contraction magnitude increased considerably while the contraction rate decreased substantially.Over the course of time when the thread was tightened, the heart appeared to get weaker and weaker until it finally gave out itself. Using the electrical apparatus, we tried to revive the frog and succeeded, however, a steady and consistent heartbeat was never again established and was much weaker and slower than before the thread was utilized. This indicated that heart damage had occurred and it was unlikely that any more significant and reliable data could be obtained from the frog’s heart and the experiment was finished as a result.Overall, the experiment can be considered a success as the appropriate responses to all the varying conditions were observed. While the experiment can be considered a success, the conditions with which the experiments were carried out were far from ideal. The experimental apparatus used was sufficient but hardly the equipment of choice. Far from accurate and precision, as well as the lack of ability to export numbered data from the labs computers, it is difficult to really analyze the data and produce concrete results that reflect the true magnitudes of effect each experimental variable had on the heart.

Color of Republican Party - Why Its Red

Color of Republican Party - Why It's Red The color associated with the Republican Party is red, though not because the party chose it. The association between red and Republican began with the advent of color television and network news on Election Day several decades ago and has stuck with the GOP ever since. Youve heard the terms red state, for example.  A red state is one that consistently votes Republican in elections for governor and president. Conversely, a blue state is one that reliably sides with Democrats in those races. Swing states are a whole different story and can be described as either pink or purple depending on their political leanings. So why is the color red associated with Republicans?   Heres the story. First Use of Red for Republican The first use of the terms red state  to connote a Republican state came about a week before the 2000 presidential election between Republican George W. Bush and Democrat Al Gore, according to The Washington Posts Paul Farhi. The Post scoured  newspaper and magazine archives and television news broadcast transcripts dating back to 1980 for the phrase and found that the first instances could be  traced NBCs Today show and  subsequent  discussions between  Matt Lauer  and  Tim Russert  during the election season on MSNBC. Wrote Farhi: As the 2000 election became a 36-day recount debacle, the commentariat magically reached consensus on the proper colors. Newspapers began discussing the race in the larger, abstract context of red vs. blue. The deal may have been sealed when Letterman suggested a week after the vote that a compromise would make George W. Bush president of the red states and Al Gore head of the blue ones. No Consensus on Colors Before 2000 Before the 2000 president election, television networks didnt stick to any particular theme when illustrating which candidates and which parties won which states. In fact, many rotated the colors: One year Republicans would be red and the next year Republicans would be blue. Neither party really wanted to claim red as its color because of its association with communism. According to Smithsonian  magazine: Before the epic election of 2000, there was no uniformity in the maps that television stations, newspapers or magazines used to illustrate presidential elections. Pretty much everyone embraced red and blue, but which color represented which party varied, sometimes by organization, sometimes by election cycle. Newspapers including The New York Times and USA Today jumped on the Republican-red and Democrat-blue theme that year, too, and stuck with it. Both published color-coded maps of results by county. Counties that sided with Bush appeared red in the newspapers. Counties that voted for Gore were shaded in blue. The explanation Archie Tse, a senior graphics editor for the Times, gave to Smithsonian  for his choice of colors for each party was fairly straightforward: â€Å"I just decided  red  begins with ‘r,’  Republican  begins with ‘r.’ It was a more natural association.  There wasn’t much discussion about it.† Why Republicans are Forever Red The color red has stuck and is now permanently associated with Republicans. Since the 2000 election, for example, the website  RedState has become a popular source of news and information for right-leaning readers. RedState describes itself as the leading conservative, political news blog for right of center activists. The color blue is now permanently associated with Democrats. The website ActBlue, for example, helps connect political donors to Democratic candidates of their choice and has become a substantial force in how campaigns are financed.

Eating Humble Pie

Eating Humble Pie Eating Humble Pie Eating Humble Pie By Maeve Maddox The old expression eating humble pie remains alive and well in cyberspace: From a father who had to cope with his wifes duties when she was ill: I am once again reminded of all the little things my wife manages so well and how I really should make a better effort not to take her for granted. Humble pie is definitely a dish I should eat on a regular basis. From a sports fan: And then we played Florida at Gainesville today and they beat us by the mercy rule with a score I am not going to report. Oh me. Oh my. Talk about eating humble pie. I am trying to digest it, but it does not taste good. From the host of a website dedicated to some esoteric subject: After a lengthy discussion with Peter Kriens and BJ Hargrave, I have to eat some humble pie and admit that I gave incorrect advice about concurrency in my latest OSGi book chapter. The expression eating humble pie conflates two words: humble not proud or haughty; ranking low in the social or political scale. The word humble entered English c1250 by way of an Old French word that derived from L. humilis lowly, humble, lit. on the ground, from humus earth. umbles the edible inner parts of an animal, from Middle English numbles, offal. From the 17th century onward, recipes for umble pie appeared in cookbooks. Many people, usually the poorer sort, literally did eat umble pie. During the 17th century scholars began messing with the pronunciation of English words beginning with the letter h. Up until then, the h in French borrowings, like humble, was silent. Initial h was pronounced in words that had been borrowed directly from Latin or Greek. Some scholars promoted the idea that the h should be pronounced in humble and other French borrowings. Not everyone went along with the improvements. The expression to eat humble pie came into the language about 1850 with the sense of: submission, apology, or retraction especially made under pressure or in humiliating circumstances Its a pun. The speaker or speakers with whom the expression originated had to pronounce umble and humble the same way for the pun to work. Eating umble pie was something that an upperclass person would not willingly do, just as a person whod made an ass of himself would be unwilling to admit it and apologize for it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†48 Writing Prompts for Middle School Kids

Digital Media - Critical Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

Digital Media - Critical Perspectives - Essay Example What then is information society? The most common definition of information society emphasizes on technological innovation. The term refers to society where the creation, distribution and use of information are the most important aspects of economic, cultural, technological, occupational and spatial activities. An information society idea can be contrasted in societies where economic strengths lie in industrial or agrarian base. The tools of information society are computers and telecommunications as opposed to ploughs showing that information societies represent highly industrialized societies (Webster, 2005:10). The concept of information society originated from the Japanese social sciences in the early 1960s. the Japanese version of the term (joho shakai or johoka shakai) came from a conversation between Kisho Kurokawa, a famous architect and Tudao Umesao, a renowned historian and anthropologist. The first debut of the term in a written text was in a study published in 1964 by Jiro Kamishima. Since then, the term has been widely used throughout the world. Therefore, it is important to understand the term information society from the five definitions including technological, economic, occupational, spatial and cultural aspects (Lyon, 1998:3). The technological definition of information society focuses on technological innovations and the effects that the innovations have on information technologies in different sectors of society. The major aspect here is that the cost of using computers has become cheap and helped in their application in different fields. This definition provides one important aspect of information society. Technological innovations are among the most visible indicators of new times and considered as an aspect representing the concept of information society. The technological innovations include personal computers,

Individual Assignment 6 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Individual 6 - Assignment Example Societies with a collectivist culture also shares the same ideals, especially since people in a collectivist culture pay particular attention to the relationship between certain objects, such as developing their trust in the brand depending on the overall reputation of the parent company and how their products contain the values and characteristics they promote (113). The idea of standing out is rather unheard of in feminist and collectivist cultures. On the other hand, highly-individualistic and masculine cultures are much more impacted by humorous and unruly advertisements, and this is mainly due to the common belief of having the need to belong to the strongest, and the desire to rise above everyone else, as well as wanting to shape all individuals into the same winning image (79). Brands become separate entities that are relatively detached from the parent company, and each brand competes for the top of the product category, which is a characteristic that every person can relate to, especially those wanting to be recognized as the best. Also, because there is much more importance in standing out rather than blending in, thus using strong and hard approaches in advertising and directly going straight to the point works far better in masculine and individualist cultures than subtlety and modesty (82). Thus it is more effective to show individual strengths than to elucidate on the

IS TAX-SUPPORTED HIGHER EDUCATION JUSTIFIED Term Paper

IS TAX-SUPPORTED HIGHER EDUCATION JUSTIFIED - Term Paper Example This paper seeks to establish arguments and reasons why tax-supported higher education is justified based on Immanuel Kant’s principle. Immanuel Kant: On Good Will, Moral Worth and Duty According to this philosopher, the term â€Å"good will† is characterized by the ideas of â€Å"person with good will.† To understand this, it is better to take a deeper analysis on what makes a person good (Johnson, 2008). Kant states that a person is good because of his possession of a good will, in a way, that his decisions are determined by on the basis of the moral law. In addition, he believes that anyone would say that his actions are morally clean and and  considered  it as reasons for guiding his  behaviors. Further, he points out that a good will is a will whose decisions are determined entirely by what he called as the Moral Law. There must be no circumstance in which moral goodness would be regarded as worth forfeiting just to exchange it for something desirable. Say for example, desirable qualities like courage or cleverness would be demeaned and sacrificed as to lay it aside if injustice requires, or, will be discarded if cruelty demands, thus, making good will not be good at all. Further, he explains that duty, has moral worth if the actions are not derived with motivations, in particular, self-interest, self-preservation, sympathy and happiness. However, it may be dutiful but does not express a good will. For instance, the government has the main duty, according the law of the land--the Constitution to serve and protect its constituents, and abide to the norms and standards, for the welfare of all. Also, duty performed out of motivations like love and friendship is a duty of good will. Furthermore, if a duty is done in the respect for moral law, then it is a motivation of respect. For instance, Maria in her being a member of an organization, by which rules and regulations are strictly implemented, would follow the said policies because it is her duty. To that effect, Maria thinks that she is respecting laws pertaining to her. The Categorical and Hypothetical Imperatives Kant formulated the Categorical Imperative in which he explains, â€Å"ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law.† According to him, this motivates a good will. It is imperative because it is a command. For example, â€Å"Take me away from him.† This shows that Categorical Imperative, exactly, commands us to act on our wills. It is not conditional and does not have willed ends. Unlike Hypothetical Imperative, it requires a certain degree of condition. Hence, it is imperative but to the extent that in doing a particular action or duty, there is an underlying motivation such as condition. Hypothetical imperative is one that requires an exercise of wills, only, to certain degree of condition--a command of unconditional form. For example, â€Å"If you want to pass from this subject, then buy me a pair of shoes.† This shows a conditional imperative. The Formula of the Universal Law of Nature As stated above, categorical imperative denotes that an act done in accordance to this maxim can and will become a universal law. Suppose, in a democratic country, the legislator made a law prohibiting all constituents from getting an education. Such law is invalid because it simply violates the principle of freedom

Dynamic Systems Theory and Psychodynamic World View

Dynamic Systems Theory and Psychodynamic World View Emma Levey Psychodynamic world view The psychodynamic view focuses on underlying subconscious and unconscious processes, as well as the conscious. Emphasis is placed on stage progression, overcoming conflicts, and emotions (Miller, 2011, p. 106/134) with the most famous psychodynamic theory being that of Freud (Miller, 2011, p.110). Four criteria will be outlined and illustrated with Freudian examples, before considering whether an article fits within the world view. The first criterion is that of human nature, of which humans are passive and active. Humans are passive due to the role underlying forces play in driving humans to act and they are active through coping with these forces and attempting to obtain and maintain equilibrium through reducing conflict. The ego is the most active personality structure as it self-organises through regulating stimulation arising from the self and the environment, actively deciding the behaviour to exhibit and continuously processing information (Miller, 2011, p. 134). The second criteria concerns qualitative or quantitative development, with both being used in this world view. Qualitative development is shown through in two ways, with the first being that the world view advocates stage development, for example the stages of sexual drive dominance in Freud’s theory. The second way is through acquisition of defence mechanisms and new structures, such as the superego (Miller, 2011, p. 134). However, quantitative change is also possible, as the strength of defence mechanisms and of the structures (such as the ego), can differ which results in potential for quantitative change (Miller, 2011, p. 134). With regards to nature and nurture, the psychodynamic view takes an interactionist stance. Nature is evident via a focus on biological maturation through changes in hormones and biological, unconscious and powerful drives. These drives motivate (e.g. via the Id, Ego and Superego structures) children’s development and behaviour to achieve drive satisfaction (Miller, 2011, p. 111-112). However, nurture-based influences (e.g. parents) also play a part by affecting expression of these nature-based drives. This interaction of nature-based drives and nurture-based constraints dictates drive expression within the environment, with interaction at a young age setting the pattern for learning and coping in later life (Miller, 2011, p. 120, 134-135). Nurture effects are seen to be more important in the first five years of life than later life as the child is particularly impressionable at this time (Miller, 2011, p. 135). The final criteria is teleology. Development is seen to have an endpoint (Dixon Lerner, 1999), which in Freud’s theory is maturation, and is unidirectional as it progresses towards this endpoint. Regression through stages is possible and often frequent, occurring when anxieties become too difficult to cope with (Dixon Lerner, 1999; Miller, 2011, p. 115). Finally, causality is multidirectional due to the interactional effects of nature and nurture resulting in a causal effect on development. Salvatore, S., Eleonora, L. P., Marco, L. (2013). Trauma and the Father Image: Fantasies and Complexes in the Rorschach Test. The Open Psychology Journal, 6, 1-5 doi: 10.2174/1874350101306010001. In the interpretation of the Rorschach test, the features of the table IV inkblot evoke a dimension of authority, morals and related emotions. Interestingly, the father figure is related to ego development and also guides towards maturity via more evolved emotions such as feelings of shame and guilt. In some cases these feelings are found to be lacking in adults experiencing depression. The aim of this work is to analyze the relationship between the representational world in relation to the father figure and depressive mood disorders. The group of subjects is composed of 25 patients who had a psychiatric diagnosis of Depressive episode. The presence of specific phenomena brings out the complexes, the uneasy and conflictual relationship with the father figure submerged in the unconscious thus emerges. Shock is thereby manifested in relation to the black in which the large, dark, and blurred stimulus is perceived as sinister, threatening and dangerous. The trauma emerges in the result of a relationship with a father who has not allowed the child to manage similarities and differences. From the nature of the answers of the Rorschach protocols, it emerges that the symbolic abilities of subjects are not fully developed or have been attacked by an early trauma. Human nature in this article was both active and passive. Passive nature is shown by the example of the unconscious drives as â€Å"The presence of specific phenomena brings out the complexes, the uneasy and conflictual relationship with the father figure submerged in the unconscious thus emerges† (Salvatore, Eleoniora Marco 2013, p. 1); with the â€Å"specific phenomena† in this case being the inkblot used to elicit an underlying response concerning the father. Human nature is active through participants â€Å"subjectively organizing the content and form of the stimuli presented to him† (2013, p. 1). Active self-organization is shown through dealing with the self (e.g. father anxiety) and the external inkblot stimulus which enables participants too actively â€Å"express his feelings and give shapes and meaning to what he sees† (2013, p. 1). The active environment can be seen in the Rorschach test which â€Å"prompts the translation of things and feelin gs into words† and due to the external father’s negative influences on â€Å"space for the imagination† resulting in the statement that â€Å"symbolic abilities of subjects are not fully developed† (2013, p. 1-2). In this retrospective study, neither qualitative nor quantitative change was considered, so speculation into both should be done. Potential evidence for qualitative change concerns the inkblot used, which requires a developed imagination ability due to its intensity. Thus, use of this inkblot is linked with â€Å"the emergence of a new level of mental functioning† and the acquisition of a new qualitative skill, â€Å"the ability to imagine† (Salvatore et al., 2013, p. 1). Other qualitative change could be the development of a new defence mechanism to aid coping with negative father experience. Quantitative change could concern an increase or decrease in ego strength, as a result of the father being â€Å"related to ego development† (2013, p. 2). Thirdly, Salvatore and colleagues (2013) emphasize nurture through their focus on father influence. The inkblot used evokes â€Å"father figure symbolization† with the father’s importance shown as he becomes â€Å"the receptacle holding the feeling of omnipotence† (Salvatore et al., 2013, p. 1). The importance of early nurture experience is shown as the â€Å"compromised paternal representation, formulated in the inner world at an early age† influences adulthood as it exists timelessly in the â€Å"perpetuated unconscious† (2013, p. 5). Also, participants lacked symbolic ability due to â€Å"an early trauma† emerging as â€Å"the result of a relationship with a father† (2013, p. 1). As nature is not directly considered, one potential way in which its effects could be seen concerns the participants with depression and the fathers relation to ego development via more evolved emotions, which are â€Å"lacking in adults experiencing depre ssion† (2013, p. 2). As depression is a chemical imbalance, this could be seen as a mediation effect of nature (via depression), upon evolved emotions influenced by the father (nurture) resulting in less advanced development due to this interaction. Concerning teleology, it can be implied that maturity is considered to be the developmental endpoint as the father figure and his relationship with the ego â€Å"guides towards maturity† (Salvatore et al., 2013, p. 2). This also implies unidirectional development, as development proceeds towards maturity. In contrast with the criterion, the article advocates unidirectional causality as it focuses on early father impact upon progression towards maturity â€Å"as the father figure (†¦) guides towards maturity via more evolved emotions such as feelings of shame and guilt,† and no mention is made of causality derived from the person (2013, p. 1). This may be due to the retrospective nature of the study as participants are purely reflecting on their relationships with their fathers. Also, no explicit mention of regression is made. In conclusion, the article of Salvatore and colleagues (2013) is psychodynamic due to its acknowledgement of various required criteria, such as human nature. However, for it to completely fit in the world view it also should have considered, multidirectional causality, regression and explicitly considered qualitative and quantitative change within the study. Dynamic Systems Theory Dynamic systems theory (DST) is a holistic view due to behaviour only being understood through considering the multiple and mutual interaction of all system levels in self-organizing systems, with the organism-in-context as the unit of analysis (Miller, 2011, p. 414). Four DST criteria will be presented and an article which fits within DST presented and discussed. In DST, human nature is active and inseparable from the active environment, and thus the person and environment should not be considered separate due to their constant interaction within the developmental system. The active individual is shown through its ability to construct behaviour through experience within a part of the larger system (Miller, 2011, p. 421) and also through self-organisation (change through the organisms own activities) (Thelen Smith, 2006, p. 259 cited in Lerner, Lewin-Bizan Warren, 2011, p. 28). The environment is active through the role of experience and its participation with the organism in mutual interaction. This interaction is important in determining development as the environmental task and the motivations and skills of a person both control and influence the developing factor at a certain time and situation, within the larger system. The second criteria concerns change, which is constant, given and based upon the continuous interaction of the individual and the environment. Change can be on a small or large scale, with smaller scale change having the potential to cause large scale system changes. It is also considered on a moment-to-moment time scale or over a longer period (Miller, 2011, p. 417). Change can be quantitative and qualitative, although qualitative change often results due to an accumulation of underlying quantitative change until a critical threshold is passed, resulting in a novel qualitative skill emerging (Miller, 2011, p. 417, 421). The third criteria concerns the nature nurture distinction, which is redundant due to DST’s interactionist stance (Thelen Smith n.d, cited in Lerner et al., 2011, p. 28; Miller, 2011, p. 418). As such, nature and nurture are equally important in development as change occurs due to the organism-context relation. Developmental diversity is the result of differences in the timing of this interaction (Lerner et al., 2011, p. 29). The final criteria is teleology. Regression is seen as possible because the system can regress to a previous attractor state if required. Multiple possible endpoints exist due to the infinite ways in which system parts can combine and result in developmental paths (Thelen Smith, 1998, 2006 cited in Lerner et al., 2011, p. 30). Both the ability to regress and the concept of multiple end points suggests multidirectional development. Finally, causality is configural as development concerns bidirectional relationships â€Å"within and across fused levels of organisation† which change over time (Lerner et al., 2011, p. 29). Granic, I., O’Hara, A., Pepler, D., Lewis, M. D., (2007). A Dynamic Systems analysis of parent-child changes associated with successful â€Å"real-world† interventions for aggressive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 845-857. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9133-4. Studies have shown that improved parenting mediates treatment outcomes for aggressive children, but we lack fine-grained descriptions of how parent–child interactions change with treatment. The current study addresses this gap by applying new dynamic systems methods to study parent–child emotional behavior patterns. These methods tap moment-to-moment changes in interaction processes within and across sessions and quantify previously unmeasured processes of change related to treatment success. Aggressive children and their parents were recruited from combined Parent Management Training and Cognitive-behavioral programs in â€Å"real world† clinical settings. Behavioral outcomes were assessed by reports from parents and clinicians. At pre- and post-treatment, home visits were videotaped while parents and children discussed consecutively: a positive topic, a mutually unresolved problem, and another positive topic. Results showed that significant improvements in chil dren’s externalizing behavior were associated with increases in parent–child emotional flexibility during the problem-solving discussion. Also, dyads who improved still expressed negative emotions, but they acquired the skills to repair conflicts, shifting out of their negative interactions to mutually positive patterns. The article fits in with the criteria of human nature as it constantly considers the parent (environmental influence)-child interactions throughout the study, with â€Å"The parent-child interactions of children who showed clinically significant improvements (IMPs) were compared to those of children who did not improve (NIMPs)† (Granic et al., 2007, p. 847). This therefore shows parent and child to be equally important and inseparable as the analysis focuses on their interaction instead of separate effects. Another example of the environment and the child as inseparable and active is flexibility, â€Å"the ability to shift from one emotional state to another according to contextual demands (2007, p. 846). This shows the active child’s role in shifting emotional states and the environment’s role as a trigger. One way in which the article adheres to DST’s concept of change concerns real-time interactions, which are â€Å"the proximal engines of development† (Granic et al., 2007, p. 846), showing this moment-to-moment change to be important. This is further supported by tmeasurement of â€Å"moment-to-moment changes in interaction processes with and across sessions† (2007, p. 845). Granic and colleagues used multiple time scales by also focusing on a longer twelve week period, showing a focus on continuous change (2007). Both qualitative and quantitative change are evident. Quantitative change can be seen in the measurement of increases or decreases in anti-social behaviour across pre- to post- treatment. Qualitative differences were shown as â€Å"children were classified as â€Å"Improvers† (IMPs) or â€Å"Non-Improvers† (NIMPs) based on a combination of the information† from the two quantitative measures (2007, p. 850). Thus, children’s qu alitative improvement status in anti-social behaviour was determined by quantitative changed in measure scores passing a threshold (e.g. 20 points reduction in one measure) to determine which group they were classified as. The interaction of nature and nurture, required for the third criteria of DST, is also shown in this article, as it focuses upon â€Å"how parent-child interactions change with treatment† (Granic et al., 2007, p. 845) thus showing an integration of child and environment (in the form of the mother and the effect on the treatment). These interactions were the main focus in the study, showing there to be an interaction between nature and nurture in explaining the behaviour targeted in the article (anti-social behaviour) as the researchers applied â€Å"dynamic systems methods to study parent-child emotional behavioural patterns† (2007, p. 845), as â€Å"parent-child interactions were observed and videotaped† (2007, p. 848). The final criteria is teleology. Despite there being no specific reference to multiple end points, it was suggested that of an infinite number of combinations of system parts is possible, as â€Å"the dyad’s trajectory(†¦) is plotted in real time on a grid representing all possible behavioral combinations†, suggesting multiple developmental paths with different endpoints (Granic et al., 2007, p. 850). Regression was considered as whilst IMPs showed increased flexibility from baseline, NIMPs showed a â€Å"decrease in flexibility†(2007, p. 854). Multidirectionality of development is also seen due to the ability to regress and also because state-space grids â€Å"were constructed separately for each dyad†, showing different trajectories (2007, p. 850). Finally, bidirectional, configural causality was shown as behaviour improvements were â€Å"associated with increases in parent-child emotional flexibility† with the consideration that â€Å"recip rocal parent-child warmth and affection may be a cause of improvements in children’s aggressive behaviour† (2007, p. 845/854). This showed parent (environment) and child to exert an interactional causal effect on externalizing behaviour. In conclusion, the above article fits within the DST world view due to its consideration of the environment and a child as a constant interaction, its focus on multiple change time scales, nature-nurture interaction, and its multidirectional view on causality and development. References Dixon, R. A., Lerner, R. M. (1999). A history of systems in developmental psychology. In M.H. Bornstein, M.E. Lamb (Eds.) Developmental Psychology: An advanced textbook. Fourth Edition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Granic, I., O’Hara, A., Pepler, D., Lewis, M. D., (2007). A Dynamic Systems analysis of parent-child changes associated with successful â€Å"real-world† interventions for aggressive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 845-857. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9133-4 Lerner, R.M., Lewin-Bizan, S., Warren, A.E.A. (2011). Concepts and theories of human development. In M.H. Bornstein, M.E. Lamb, (Eds.) Developmental Science: An advanced textbook. Sixth Edition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Miller, P. H. (2011). Theories of Developmental Psychology. New York, NY : Worth. Salvatore, S., Eleonora, L. P., Marco, L. (2013). Trauma and the Father Image: Fantasies and Complexes in the Rorschach Test. The Open Psychology Journal, 6, 1-5 doi:10.2174/1874350101306010001